32 résultats pour "replacement"

• Industrial Revolution I INTRODUCTION Industrial Revolution, widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century and is still continuing in some parts of the world.

  The most important advance in iron production occurred in 1784 when Englishman Henry Cort invented new techniques for rolling raw iron, a finishing process thatshapes iron into the desired size and form. These advances in metalworking were an important part of industrialization. They enabled iron, which was relativelyinexpensive and abundant, to be used in many new ways, such as building heavy machinery. Iron was well suited for heavy machinery because of its strength anddurability. Because of t...

• Dentistry.

  Together with dentists, dental hygienists and dental assistants make up the team that provides dental care to patients. Hygienists record patient medical histories, suchas blood pressure and pulse. They clean teeth, apply sealants and fluoride treatments, teach patients sound oral hygiene practices, and often assist with X rays. Manyhygienists receive a two-year associate degree, while others may choose to enroll in a four-year program at a university or in a master’s degree program. There are25...

• Hardware (computer).

  Magnetic tape drives use magnetic tape similar to the tape used in VCR cassettes. Tape drives have a very slow read/write time, but have a very high capacity; in fact,their capacity is second only to hard disk drives. Tape drives are mainly used to back up data. Compact disc drives store information on pits burned into the surface of a disc of reflective material ( see CD-ROM). CD-ROMs can store up to 737 megabytes (MB) of data. A Compact Disc-Recordable (CD-R) or Compact Disc-ReWritable (CD-RW)...

• Obesity.

  of a day, contributing to the development of obesity. V TREATMENTS FOR OBESITY Obesity can become a chronic lifelong condition caused by overeating, physical inactivity, and even genetic makeup. No matter what the cause, however, obesity can beprevented or managed with a combination of diet, exercise, behavior modification, and in severe cases, weight-loss medications and surgery. A Diets The most common and conservative treatment for obesity utilizes a nutritionally balanced, low calorie diet...

• L'historien et les mémoires de la seconde guerre mondiale Analyse du sujet: -historien: étudié les faits, les événements, les archives pour les comprendre, les replacer dans leur contexte et les interpréter.

  II. L e to urm ant d es m ém oir e s ( 1 9 70-1 990) 1. Le tr a va il d es h is to rie ns La je unesse s o uhait e p lu s d 'e xp lic a tio n c a r e lle n 'a p as c o nnu la g uerr e Paxto n " la F ra nce d e v ic h y" il e st le 1 e r à in vo quer la c o lla bora tio n e t u n p ro gra m me polit iq ue q ui s 'a ppelle la r é vo lu tio n n atio na le Une F ra nce q ui c o lla bore , a ntis é m it e Cin ém a: " le c h agrin e t la p it ié " film d e...

• L'histoire de la guerre pendant le 20 eme siècle

  © Nathan 2011, Histoire 1 re coll. Sébastien Cote 69  • Chapitre 5 – De la Guerre froide aux nouvelles confl ictualités – Pierre Grosser, 1989, l’année où le monde a basculé, Perrin, Paris, 2009. – Stanislas Jeannesson, La Guerre froide, La  Découverte, coll. « Repères », Paris, 2008. – Georges-Henri Soutou, La guerre de cinquante ans. Les relations Est-Ouest 1943-1990, Fayard,  Paris, 2001. – Collectif, Le temps de la Guerre froide, Le  Seuil, coll. « Points histoire », Paris, 1994 (artic...

• Smoking.

  causes about 20 times the number of deaths in the United States than all other addictive drugs combined. Smoking cessation methods are plentiful, and many books and products are available to help an individual stop smoking. Many smokers turn to group help because ofthe support and understanding provided by other former smokers or people trying to quit. Most successful group-help techniques involve a challenge and rewardsystem that also bolsters the self-discipline of the former smoker. A number...

• Elephant - biology.

  B Trunk An elephant's nose and upper lip are combined in a long, limber trunk, an exceptionally supple appendage with an estimated 150,000 muscles. The versatile trunk actslike a hand for grasping low-growing shrubs and other food and placing it into the mouth; an arm for breaking off tree branches; or a snorkel for breathing when theelephant's body is submerged. Elephants also use their trunks to suck up water and squirt it into their mouths for drinking or over their bodies for bathing. Nostr...

• Labor Unions in Canada - Canadian History.

  job. Before collective bargaining begins, workers elect a bargaining committee. The bargaining committee determines the workers’ demands and strategy innegotiations with the employer. Local unions usually are part of national or international unions. These national and international unions employ a staff for organizing workers at the local level, doingresearch, educating union members about labor and political matters, and working with local union leaders. Unions hold regular conventions of dele...

• Les contemporains d'un événement peuvent-ils en comprendre le sens ?

  Il semble cependant possible de distinguer différents niveaux de compréhension d'un événement : on peut ainsi penser que si les contemporains peuvent dégager les causes passées d'un événement, seule la connaissancede ce qui suit l'événement permet de l'intégrer dans une vision plus large du cours de l'histoire. Ainsi, dans laperspective de Hegel, l'histoire suit un progrès qui lui donne sa direction et sa signification : il s'agit de l'avènementprogressif de l'Esprit, ou de la Raison...

• procréation médicalement assistée, ensemble des techniques médicales visant à obtenir une grossesse chez un couple stérile.

  Il s'agit de prélever, en ponctionnant l'ovaire sous contrôle échographique, plusieurs ovules mûrs (obtenus après stimulation ovarienne) au moment de l'ovulation. On réalise ensuite la fécondation en laboratoire, en mettant les ovules recueillis en contact avec les spermatozoïdes du partenaire. Les ovules fécondés subissent plusieurs divisions pendant quarante-huit heures, puis ils sont replacés dans l'utérus. Si plusieurs ovules ont été fécondés, il est possible de conserver par congélation les...

• Stem Cell.

  The medical profession used adult stem cells to treat diseases long before anyone isolated one. In 1968 scientists performed the first successful bone marrowtransplant, a procedure in which a patient receives an infusion of healthy bone marrow cells. The purpose of such transplants is to restore the blood-making capabilitiesof the patient’s diseased bone marrow after extremely strong chemotherapy has destroyed that bone marrow. From the beginning investigators suspected that stemcells in the inf...

• Endocrine System.

  thermostat. When the heat in a house falls, the thermostat responds by switching the furnace on, and when the temperature is too warm, the thermostat switches thefurnace off. Usually, the change that a hormone produces also serves to regulate that hormone's secretion. For example, parathyroid hormone causes the body toincrease the level of calcium in the blood. As calcium levels rise, the secretion of parathyroid hormone then decreases. This feedback mechanism allows for tight controlover hormon...

• Pour comprendre une oeuvre d'art faut-il la replacer dans son époque ?

  Il est inutile, pour comprendre une œuvre d'art, de la replacer dans son époque ·~[•]~· Le recours à l'histoire ne sert pas à comprendre le sens profond d'une création artistique. L'art a une existence autonome. Il ne manifeste pas l'esprit d'une époque. Il est au-delà des époques. L'imagination est précisément ce qui échappe au social G as ton Bachelard a bien montré le caractère fondamenta­ lement nouveau de toute rêverie poétiqu...

• Computer Memory.

  been created, information can be retrieved but not changed. Newer technologies allow ROMs to be semi-permanent—that is, the information can be changed, but ittakes several seconds to make the change. For example, a FLASH memory acts like a ROM because values remain stored in memory, but the values can be changed. C External Memory External memory can generally be classified as either magnetic or optical, or a combination called magneto-optical. A magnetic storage device, such as a computer'shar...

• Skin. I INTRODUCTION Skin, outer body covering of an animal. The term skin

  III SKIN APPENDAGES In humans, the skin appendages, or structures embedded in the skin, include hair, nails, and several types of glands. Glands are groups of cells that produce andsecrete substances needed by other parts of the body. In other vertebrates, the skin appendages include scales (in fish and reptiles) and feathers (in birds). Together,the skin and the skin appendages are known as the integumentary system of the body. A Hair Hair is a distinguishing characteristic of mammals, a gro...

• Welfare.

  industrializing societies. Governments typically financed social insurance programs with tax funds and direct levies on the wages of potential recipients. Social insurancereplaced part of incomes lost when workers became disabled, were laid off, or had reached an age that forced them out of the labor market. Later, governments of Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden, and other countries developed forms of social insurance that provided population-wide, or universal,coverage. Such forms included chil...

• Quantum Theory I INTRODUCTION Quantum Theory, in physics, description of the particles that make up matter and how they interact with each other and with energy.

  electron in the same way a particle with momentum would: It bumps the electron and changes the electron’s path. The light is also affected by the collision as though itwere a particle, in that its energy and momentum changes. Momentum is a quantity that can be defined for all particles. For light particles, or photons, momentum depends on the frequency, or color, of the photon, which in turndepends on the photon’s energy. The energy of a photon is equal to a constant number, called Planck’s cons...

• Supreme Court of the United States.

  The Constitution does not specify formal qualifications for membership on the Supreme Court. From the beginning, though, justices have all been lawyers, and mostpursued legal and political careers before serving on the Court. Many justices served as members of Congress, governors, or members of the Cabinet. One president,William Howard Taft, was later appointed chief justice. Some justices came to the Court from private law practice, and others were appointed from positions as lawprofessors. Man...

• j'ai mal à ma mère

  2 « Si le lecteur utilise ce livre pour construire a priori une démarche institutionnelle, psychothérapique, éducative ou pédagogique devant être appliquée stade par stade sur tout enfant et adolescent carencé, je lui demande instamment d'oublier mes points de vue et de se laisser aller à son intuition. Cela sera finalement moi ns néfaste. » Michel Lemay. Sommaire Introduction 3 I. Replacer l’œuvre dans son contexte 3 II. Rés...

• Essais de Montaigne (résumé & analyse)

  ne les oublie pas moins que le reste » (Il, XVII, «De la praesumption » ). Montaigne se relit donc, sans se dédire. Les additions insérées dans les chapitres déjà écrits sont nombreuses, les rajouts et les allongements par de nou­ veaux chapitres constituent la majeure partie du livre III; en revancht:, les corrections sont rares, et les contradic­ tions ne sont pas niables. C'est pourquoi Montaigne dit avoir fait de son livre un enfant monstrueux (Il,...

• Kuhn la révolution scientifique

  Cet ouvrage n’est paru pour la première fois (nous avons étudié la seconde et dernière édition) qu’à la fin de l’année 1962, mais l’auteur avait déjà, quinze ans auparavant, le conviction qu’un livre de ce type (concernant l’Histoire et le développement des sciences) devait être écrit : il était alors étudiant en doctorat et rédigeait sa thèse de physique. Peu de temps après, il quittait les sciences pour leur histoire en recevant une bourse de la Society of Fellows de l’université de Ha...

• Mental Retardation.

  For example, measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough may lead to encephalitis and meningitis, which can damage the brain. Physical trauma to the brain can also cause mental retardation. Brain damage may result from accidental blows to the head, near drowning, severe child abuse, andchildhood exposure to such toxins as lead and mercury. Experts believe that poverty and a lack of stimulation during infancy and early childhood can be factors inmental retardation. Children raised in poor environmen...

• Genetic Engineering.

  Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterium. The genetically altered Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterium produces light in proportion to the amount of its activity in breaking down the naphthalene, thus providing a way to monitor the efficiency of the process ( see Bioremediation). A3 Medicine In 1982 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the first time the medical use of a recombinant DNA protein, the hormone insulin, whichhad been cloned in large quantities by inserting th...

• Blood.

  substances. For example, a person who is blood type A positive will not make antibodies against the A or Rh markers, but will make antibodies against the B marker,which is not on that person’s own red blood cells. If blood containing the B marker (from types B positive, B negative, AB positive, or AB negative) is transfused into thisperson, then the transfused red blood cells will be rapidly destroyed by the patient’s anti-B antibodies. In this case, the transfusion will do the patient no good a...

• The Souls of Black Folk by W.

  in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in onedark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife—this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. Inthis merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He would not Africanize America, f...

• Vice President of the United States.

  naval operations. Located in northwest Washington at Massachusetts Avenue and 34th Street, the three-story Queen Anne-style house is within easy driving distance ofCapitol Hill and the White House. The vice president receives an annual salary of $189,300. The vice president has a staff and offices in the Everett M. Dirksen Senate Office Building, near the Capitol, toassist with legislative matters, as well as a personal office near the Senate lobby. The vice president also has staff and offices...

• Tree - biology.

  The major parts of a tree are its roots, trunk, leaves, flowers, and seeds. These components play vital roles in a tree’s growth, development, and reproduction. A Roots Trees are held in place by anchoring organs called roots. In addition to anchoring the tree, roots also absorb water and minerals through tiny structures called roothairs. From the roots the water and mineral nutrients are carried upward through the wood cells to the leaves. Although the internal structure of most kinds of roots...

• Environment.

  escape into space of the infrared energy radiated back out by Earth. This process is referred to as the greenhouse effect. These gases, primarily carbon dioxide,methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, insulate Earth’s surface, helping to maintain warm temperatures. Without these gases, Earth would be a frozen planet with anaverage temperature of about -18°C (about 0°F) instead of a comfortable 15°C (59°F). If the concentration of these gases rises, they trap more heat within theatmosphere, caus...

• Kenya - country.

  threatens fish and other water life in the lake by depriving them of oxygen. Kenya is well known for its game parks—including Masai Mara Game Park and Tsavo National Park in the south, and Marsabit National Reserve in the north—whichattract large numbers of tourists and much revenue. Conservation of wildlife within reserves has thus received high priority. About 13 percent (2007) of Kenya’s totalland is protected. There are 229 (2004) threatened species in Kenya. Threatened habitats include the...

• South Korea - country.

  forest habitat, and overhunting. The Siberian tiger has not been sighted in the wild in South Korea since the 1920s; the Asiatic black bear can still be found in someremote mountain areas. Several species of deer are indigenous to the peninsula, including the roe deer, water deer, and Siberian musk deer. The musk deer, which hasbeen overhunted for its musk glands, is legally protected as a threatened species. Smaller mammals indigenous to the peninsula include the wild boar, red fox, badger,rabb...

• Livre du professeur 4eme hatier