37 résultats pour "lógica"

• Lógica - filosofia.

• FREGE'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOGIC

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: ABELARD'S LOGIC

• Logica in historisch perspectief

• Définition: LOGICISME.

• Introduçao à logica

  Introdução à Lógica Introdução à Lógica André Nascimento Pontes Universidade Federal do Amazonas – UFAM [email protected]  Notas de aula. Todos os direitos reservados ao autor. Não reproduza sem autorização. Atenção! O presente texto consiste em notas de aula ainda em construção. Portanto, ele pode conter algumas imprecisões gráficas e de conteúdo. Costumeiramente, a lógica enquanto disciplina é descrita como o estudo das leis de preservação de verdade, ou ainda, o estudo d...

• Church's theorem and the decision problem

  ¸-definable, that is, not definable in the ¸-calculus, a logical calculus invented by Church ( Lambda calculus ). To conclude that the set of valid formulas in first-order logic is not 'effectively' decidable, we need two additional facts. We need to equate validity in first-order logic with provability in a particular formal system, a result proved already by Gödel , but about which Church had some qualms due to the non-constructive nature of the proof. We also need to equate the mathe...

• theories of Common-sense reasoning

  formulas of some logical language, and that the reasoning tasks underlying this intelligence can then be accomplished by means of logical deduction. Both the idea of using logic as an underlying representation language for artificial intelligence and the emphasis on formalizing common-sense knowledge are present even in McCarthy's very early work (for example, McCarthy 1959 ), but the project receives its clearest articulation in a paper jointly authored by McCarthy and Patrick Hayes (1969 )...

• MiLL's LoGic

• Aristotle I INTRODUCTION Aristotle (384-322 BC), Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.

  succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...

• Aristotle.

  succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...

• Programming Language.

  Logic languages use logic as their mathematical base. A logic program consists of sets of facts and if-then rules, which specify how one set of facts may be deducedfrom others, for example: If the statement X is true, then the statement Y is false. In the execution of such a program, an input statement can be logically deduced from other statements in the program. Many artificial intelligence programs are writtenin such languages. IV LANGUAGE STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS Programming languages use...

• Puzzle.

  Visual puzzles involve searching a picture to find hidden or disguised figures or answering a question about some part of a visual illusion. For instance, the popular 19th- century prints of American lithographic company Currier & Ives featured hidden people, animals, and other objects. A 16th-century painting from Bukhara, Uzbekistan,of a camel includes hidden figures of 17 people, 10 rabbits, a monkey, and a dragon (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City). B Mathematical Puzzles and Logic...

• Artificial Intelligence.

  Work in AI has primarily focused on two broad areas: developing logic-based systems that perform common-sense and expert reasoning, and using cognitive andbiological models to simulate and explain the information-processing capabilities of the human brain. In general, work in AI can be categorized within three research anddevelopment types: symbolic, connectionist, and evolutionary. Each has characteristic strengths and weaknesses. A Symbolic AI Symbolic AI is based in logic. It uses sequences...

• Conceptual analysis

  Kant's important idea that conceptual truths can be either analytic a priori or synthetic a priori is effectively erased by Gottlob Frege in his Foundations of Arithmetic (1884). Frege's overriding philosophical aim is to put mathematical proof on a firm footing by reducing the truths of arithmetic to analytic truths of logic. In view of this, the proper goal of an analysis is the production of non-circular, explanatory, yet meaning-preserving general definitions of fundamental concepts -...

• El ordenador - (exposé gratuit en espagnol).

  FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL ORDENADOR Los primeros ordenadores solo servían para realizar cálculos matemáticos, pero en la actualidad se usan con fines muy variados. Encualquier caso, el esquema de funcionamiento de un ordenador siempre es el mismo: 1. Primero hay que introducir datos en el ordenador: se puede hacer a mano, mediante el teclado, o introduciéndolos desde algún soporte, como un disquete o un CD-ROM. 2. A continuación, el ordenador procesa los datos. 3. Por último, el ordenador nos propo...

• Virus (computer).

  how closely it resembles a virus. It relies on experience with previous viruses to predict the likelihood that a suspicious file is an as-yet unidentified or unclassified newvirus. Other types of antiviral software include monitoring software and integrity-shell software. Monitoring software is different from scanning software. It detects illegal orpotentially damaging viral activities such as overwriting computer files or reformatting the computer's hard drive. Integrity-shell software establis...

• ARISTOTÉLICIENNE, NON ARISTOTÉLICIENNE, Logique (Aristotelian, Non-Aristotelian Logic)

• LANGAGE, VÉRITÉ ET LOGIQUE, Language, Truth and Logic, Alfred Jules Ayer (sir) - résumé de l'oeuvre

• Etude sur G Heck à propos de ses écrits sur le logicisme de Frege

  Mohamed COMPAORE, logicisme de Frege Etude sur G Heck à propos de ses écrits sur le Le texte que nous étudions a été écrit par Richard G Heck professeur de philosophie. Il a produit des ouvrages portant notamment sur Frege ; le texte que nous étudions est justement un extrait de ses travaux sur Frege. Ce texte a pour objet d’exposer une théorie qui justifie un ensemble de travaux produits par Frege. Cette théorie est appelée le logicisme. Il consiste à réduire l’ensemble des vérité...

• Mohamed COMPAORE, Etude sur G Heck à propos de ses écrits sur le logicisme de Frege

  Mohamed COMPAORE, Etude sur G Heck à propos de ses écrits sur le logicisme de Frege Le texte que nous étudions a été écrit par Richard G Heck professeur de philosophie. Il a produit des ouvrages portant notamment sur Frege ; le texte que nous étudions est justement un extrait de ses travaux sur Frege. Ce texte a pour objet d’exposer une théorie qui justifie un ensemble de travaux produits par Frege. Cette théorie est appelée le logicisme. Il consiste à réduire l’ensemble des vérités...

• Church, Alonzo

  principal expression of this language is an abstraction operator which is used to construct an expression for a function from an expression for an arbitrary value. For example, ' ¸x:x 2 ' denotes the function which takes any number to its square. The rules of transformation (conversion) of the calculus provide a guide for derivations among expressions of the above type. The ¸-calculus has had a significant effect on the development of logic. It was shown that the original formulation of the...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Abelard, Peter

  Ockham, writing around 1317, seems totally unaware of his work. 2 Works In order to understand and assess Abelard as a philosopher, it is important to consider not only his works on logicbut also his writings on theology. At risk of considerable over-simplification, his works may be divided into thosecomposed before his stay in the community near Quincy (1122-7) and those written during and after that stay. AsC.J. Mews (1985) has pointed out, this break seems to correspond with certain revisions...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Adverbs

  arguments to a predicate actually function as adverbial modifiers. Perhaps the best known account of this type isRoderick Chisholm's discussion of a certain class of statements about appearances. Chisholm suggests that a manwho ‘sees spots before his eyes' should be thought of as ‘sensing in a spotty manner' or as someone whom things‘appeared to spottily' ( 1957 ). This philosophical move is designed to rid the locution of any implication that in sensing spots before his eyes the man is...

• Electronics.

  electronic circuits. The resistors are made from carbon mixtures, metal films, or resistance wire and have two connecting wires attached. Variable resistors, with anadjustable sliding contact arm, are often used to control volume on radios and television sets. E Capacitors Capacitors consist of two metal plates that are separated by an insulating material ( see Capacitor). If a battery is connected to both plates, an electric charge will flow for a short time and accumulate on each plate. If th...

• Buridan, John

  faculty. Second, he remained a secular cleric rather than joining an order such as the Dominicans or Franciscans. This freed him from the doctrinal disputes which often arose between religious orders, something which can be seen in the eclectic character of his work. Buridan's logical writings are in the form of handbooks and commentaries intended for use by students of logic. Most of his non-logical works appear as short commentaries ( expositiones ) or longer critical studies ( quaestiones )...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Hegel

  destiny. In different epochs, different Folk-Spirits are the primary manifestation of the progress of the World-Spirit.The people to which it belongs will be, for one epoch, the dominant people in the world history. For each nation, thehour strikes once and only once. In Hegel's time the hour had struck for the German nation. Whereas the Englishcan say ‘we are the men who navigate the ocean, and have the commerce of the world', the German can say ‘TheGerman spirit is the spirit of the new wo...

• Carnap, Rudolf

  Wissenschaftslehre (Space: A Contribution to the Theory of Science) (1922), combined his undergraduate interests (as his career was to do). Anticipating his later principle of tolerance, this work argues that apparent disagreements among physicists, geometers and philosophers arise from the fact that they articulate wholly different concepts: physical, mathematical and visual space. The section on the last has a character reminiscent of Kant which he later repudiated, though some Kantian featu...

• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat de

  years he also came under the influence of Euler, Fontaine, the Bernouillis and, above all, of the distinguished mathematician and academician, Jean Le Rond D'Alembert , who became his patron. He was elected Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences in 1773, and in 1782 became a member of the French Academy. An enthusiastic supporter and theorist of the Revolution, he played an important role in the drafting of the Déclaration des droits in 1789. Suspected later of being a Girondin, he w...

• Charles Dickens.

  The Old Curiosity Shop broke hearts across Britain and North America when it first appeared. Later readers, however, have found it excessively sentimental, especially the pathos surrounding the death of its child-heroine Little Nell. Dickens’s next two works proved less popular with the public. Barnaby Rudge, Dickens’s first historical novel, revolves around anti-Catholic riots that broke out in London in 1780. The events in Martin Chuzzlewit become a vehicle for the novel’s theme: selfishne...

• Pablo Picasso.

  Color juxtapositions—between blue and orange, for instance—are intentionally strident and unharmonious. The representation of space is fragmented and discontinuous. While the left side of the canvas is largely Iberian-influenced, the right side is inspired by African masks, especially in its striped patterns and oval forms. Suchborrowings, which led to great simplification, distortion, and visual incongruities, were considered extremely daring in 1907. The head of the figure at the bottom right,...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: POST-REFORMATION PHILOSOPHY

• Comte, Isidore-Auguste-Marie-François-Xavier

  1 Life Auguste Comte was born in Montpellier, France. He attended the École Polytechnique, from which he was expelled in 1816, for political reasons. Comte's main concern throughout his life was resolving the political, social and moral problems caused by the French Revolution. To that end, he embarked upon an encyclopedic work, which he first conceived under the inspiration of Henri de Saint-Simon , for whom he worked as secretary from 1817 to 1824. At that time, he proposed several pla...

• Central Processing Unit.

  Development of the computer chip started in 1958 when Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments demonstrated that it was possible to integrate the various components of aCPU onto a single piece of silicon. These computer chips were called integrated circuits (ICs) because they combined multiple electronic circuits on the same chip.Subsequent design and manufacturing advances allowed transistor densities on integrated circuits to increase tremendously. The first ICs had only tens of transistorsper chip com...

• Western Philosophy.

  the popular belief in personal deities, but he failed to explain the way in which the familiar objects of experience could develop out of elements that are totally differentfrom them. Anaxagoras therefore suggested that all things are composed of very small particles, or “seeds,” which exist in infinite variety. To explain the way in whichthese particles combine to form the objects that constitute the familiar world, Anaxagoras developed a theory of cosmic evolution. He maintained that the activ...

• Cubism I INTRODUCTION Cubism, movement in modern art, especially in painting, invented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and French artist Georges Braque in 1907 and 1908.

  Mont Sainte-Victoire by CézanneFrench artist Paul Cézanne painted Mont Sainte-Victoire, a mountain near his home in Provence in southern France, onmany occasions. Over time, the images he produced became flatter, less realistic, and more abstract. In this late version,painted from 1902 to 1904, patches of color barely indicate the mountain, sky, and foreground, while creating a rhythmicpattern across the painting’s surface. The mountain and sky, both intensely blue, appear almost to merge.Philad...

• El tiempo en el cine