74 résultats pour "genetic"

• Genetic Engineering.

  Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterium. The genetically altered Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterium produces light in proportion to the amount of its activity in breaking down the naphthalene, thus providing a way to monitor the efficiency of the process ( see Bioremediation). A3 Medicine In 1982 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the first time the medical use of a recombinant DNA protein, the hormone insulin, whichhad been cloned in large quantities by inserting th...

• Genetics - biology.

  construct identical buildings. Just as each contractor would require a full copy of the blueprint to construct a complete building, each new cell needs a complete copy ofan organism’s genetic information to function properly. Organisms use two types of cell division to ensure that DNA is passed down from cell to cell during reproduction. Simple one-celled organisms and other organisms thatreproduce asexually—that is, without the joining of cells from two different organisms—reproduce by a proces...

• Genética - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  5 HERENCIA CUANTITATIVA Los caracteres que se expresan como variaciones en cantidad o extensión, como el peso, la talla o el grado de pigmentación, suelen depender de muchos genes, así comode las influencias del medio. Con frecuencia, los efectos de genes distintos parecen ser aditivos, es decir, parece que cada gen produce un pequeño incremento o descensoindependiente de los otros genes. Por ejemplo, la altura de una planta puede estar determinada por una serie de cuatro genes: A, B, C y D....

• Genética - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  5 HERENCIA CUANTITATIVA Los caracteres que se expresan como variaciones en cantidad o extensión, como el peso, la talla o el grado de pigmentación, suelen depender de muchos genes, así comode las influencias del medio. Con frecuencia, los efectos de genes distintos parecen ser aditivos, es decir, parece que cada gen produce un pequeño incremento o descensoindependiente de los otros genes. Por ejemplo, la altura de una planta puede estar determinada por una serie de cuatro genes: A, B, C y D....

• Biodiversidad - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Las áreas ricas en especies endémicas pueden ser lugares de especiación activa o de refugio de especies muy antiguas; sea cual sea su interés teórico, es importante parala gestión práctica de la biodiversidad identificar estas áreas discretas con proporciones elevadas de endemismos. Por definición, las especies endémicas de un lugardeterminado no se encuentran en ningún otro. Cuanto menor es el área de endemismo, mayor es el riesgo de que las especies endémicas sufran cambios de población deorig...

• Race - biology.

  distributed as a cline, generally varying along a north-south line. Skin color is lightest in northern Europeans, especially in those who live around the Baltic Sea, andbecomes gradually darker as one moves toward southern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and into northern Africa and northern subtropical Africa. Skin isdarkest in people who live in the tropical regions of Africa. The lack of clear-cut discontinuities makes any racial boundary based on skin color totally arbitrary. Sim...

• Cloning - biology.

  found that such embryo cells are totipotent (able to give rise to all the different cell types in the body). Exploiting this characteristic, scientists developed three techniques to clone embryo cells: blastomere separation, blastocyst division, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. A Blastomere Separation In blastomere separation, scientists fertilize an egg cell with a sperm cell in a laboratory dish. The resulting embryo is allowed to divide until it forms a mass of aboutfour cells. Scientist...

• Herencia (biología) - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Cromosomas de la mosca de la frutaLos cromosomas de la mosca de la fruta o del vinagre, Drosophila melanogaster, se prestan a la experimentación genética. Son sólo 4pares (frente a los 23 pares de la dotación genética humana); uno de ellos, marcado aquí con las letras X e Y, determina el sexo de lamosca; además, son muy grandes. Thomas Hunt Morgan y sus colaboradores basaron su teoría de la herencia en estudios realizadoscon Drosophila. Observaron que los cromosomas pasaban de los progenitores a...

• Alcoholism.

  Although a consensus is growing among health professionals that alcohol dependence is a disease, society’s attitudes toward individuals with drinking problems remainambivalent and confused. Until the mid-20th century, the typical picture of the alcoholic was of someone without steady employment, unable to sustain familyrelationships and most likely in desperate financial straits. But this stereotype was largely dispelled when highly respected people publicly admitted their alcoholdependence and...

• Les principales dates de l'Histoire de la Génétique

  1877 Fleming visualise les chromosomes 1882 August Weismann observe la distinction entre des cellules somatiques et\ les cellules germinales; chromosomes observed by Walther Flemming in the nuclei of di\ viding salamander cells. He uses the word mitosis 1887 A Weismann postulates the reduction of chromosome number in germ cells 1888 W Waldeyer coins the word chromosome 1889 Johann Miescher isolates DNA from salmon sperm; F Galton publishes Natural Inheritance (biometry) 1892 A Wei...

• Virus (life science) - biology.

  RNA into DNA earned them their name because this process is the reverse of the usual transfer of genetic information, from DNA to RNA.) The DNA form of theretrovirus genome is then integrated into the cellular DNA and is referred to as the provirus. The viral genome is replicated every time the host cell replicates its DNA and is thus passed on to daughter cells. Hepatitis B virus can also transcribe RNA to DNA, but this virus packages the DNA version of its genome into virus particles. Unlike...

• Heredity - biology.

  allele from the mother and a mutated allele from the father. In both of these cases, the child will be a carrier. The child develops the disease only if he or she receives amutated allele from each parent. When both parents are carriers, there is a 25 percent chance that a child will be disease-free, a 25 percent chance that it will have thedisease, and a 50 percent chance that it will be a carrier. Examples of genetic diseases that follow the dominant-recessive pattern include sickle-cell anemi...

• Herencia (biología) - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Cromosomas de la mosca de la frutaLos cromosomas de la mosca de la fruta o del vinagre, Drosophila melanogaster, se prestan a la experimentación genética. Son sólo 4pares (frente a los 23 pares de la dotación genética humana); uno de ellos, marcado aquí con las letras X e Y, determina el sexo de lamosca; además, son muy grandes. Thomas Hunt Morgan y sus colaboradores basaron su teoría de la herencia en estudios realizadoscon Drosophila. Observaron que los cromosomas pasaban de los progenitores a...

• The idea of progress (oral d'anglais TL, TES, TS)

  Trait selection can be a service, it sounds like a business, a transaction, a deal. Pr oviding people with a service could be positive. The problem is that no everybody would agree. Even I have trouble setting a limit. Think it can become bad, when it stops become non medical. It definitely sounds bad, unethical when doctor offer to craft a baby. - In a r ecent U.S. survey of 999 people who sought genetic counseling, a majority said they supported prenatal genetic tests for the elimin...

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid - biology.

  bacterium Escherichia coli . In 1998 scientists achieved the milestone of sequencing the complete genome of a multicellular organism—a roundworm identified as Caenorhabditis elegans . The Human Genome Project, an international research collaboration, was established to determine the sequence of all of the 3 billion nucleotide base pairs that make up thehuman genetic material. In 2003 scientists completed the sequencing of the human genome. The project identified nearly all of the estimated 20...

• Diabetes Mellitus.

  Once diabetes is diagnosed, treatment consists of controlling the amount of glucose in the blood and preventing complications. Depending on the type of diabetes, thiscan be accomplished through regular physical exercise, a carefully controlled diet, and medication. Individuals with Type 1 diabetes must receive insulin, often two to four times a day, to provide the body with the hormone it does not produce. Insulin cannot be takenorally, because it is destroyed in the digestive system. Consequent...

• Botánica - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  herencia, y la evolución. En el siglo XIX, el botánico austriaco Gregor Mendel descubrió los fundamentos de la genética observando las variaciones de una serie decaracterísticas vegetativas y florales de variedades cultivadas de guisante o chícharo. Sus experimentos de hibridación exigían conocer la función de las distintas piezas dela flor durante la reproducción, conocimientos que procedían de los experimentos del botánico holandés Rudolph Jacob Camerarius, quien demostró la naturaleza de lare...

• Evolution - biology.

  genetic diversity to extinction. Sexual reproduction ensures that the genes in a population are rearranged in each generation, a process termed recombination. Although the combinations of genes inindividuals change with each new generation, the gene frequency, or ratio of different alleles in the entire population, remains relatively constant if no evolutionaryforces act on the population. One such force is the introduction of new genes into the genetic material of the population, or gene pool...

• Human Evolution.

  Strepsirhines are the most primitive types of living primates. The last common ancestors of strepsirhines and other mammals—creatures similar to tree shrews andclassified as Plesiadapiformes—evolved at least 65 million years ago. The earliest primates evolved by about 55 million years ago, and fossil species similar to lemursevolved during the Eocene Epoch (about 55 million to 38 million years ago). Strepsirhines share all of the basic characteristics of primates, although their brains are notpa...

• Human Evolution - biology.

  classified as Plesiadapiformes—evolved at least 65 million years ago. The earliest primates evolved by about 55 million years ago, and fossil species similar to lemursevolved during the Eocene Epoch (about 55 million to 38 million years ago). Strepsirhines share all of the basic characteristics of primates, although their brains are notparticularly large or complex and they have a more elaborate and sensitive olfactory system (sense of smell) than do other primates. B Haplorhines B1 Tarsiers T...

• Evolución humana - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Los cambios genéticos pueden mejorar la capacidad de los organismos para sobrevivir, reproducirse y, en animales, criar a su descendencia. Este proceso se denominaadaptación. Los progenitores transmiten mutaciones genéticas adaptativas a su descendencia y finalmente estos cambios se generalizan en una población —un grupo de organismos de la misma especie que comparten un hábitat local particular. Existen numerosos factores que pueden favorecer nuevas adaptaciones, pero los cambios delentorno d...

• Study Guide to Gattaca

  Tellier Swen T°S heart defect , and couldn’t on any mission in space. Progressively, Jerome became an alcoholic because of his idleness , staying at home all the days preparing DNA samples . A week before Vincent’s first space mission , the program director was murdered and the police began investigating, which could compromise his mission and also his identity. During the investigation, one of his eyelashes is discovered. They discovered the DNA of an In -Valid, i...

• Ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  4 REPLICACIÓN En casi todos los organismos celulares, la replicación de las moléculas de ADN tiene lugar en el núcleo, justo antes de la división celular. Empieza con la separación de lasdos cadenas de polinucleótidos, cada una de las cuales actúa a continuación como plantilla para el montaje de una nueva cadena complementaria. A medida que la cadenaoriginal se abre, cada uno de los nucleótidos de las dos cadenas resultantes atrae a otro nucleótido complementario previamente formado por la célu...

• Koala - biology.

  V REPRODUCTION Female koalas become sexually mature around 18 to 24 months of age. They can produce one offspring a year until they reach about 13 years of age. Males begin toproduce sperm around age 2 and, in the absence of older, stronger males, they may breed at that young age. More often, however, a male must grow big enough tocompete with other males for females, and mating generally begins for males at about 4 years of age. The breeding season for koalas is from October to May, during the...

• Reproducción - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  distintas. La mayoría de los animales y plantas pluricelulares tienen una forma de reproducción sexual más compleja en la que se diferencian de forma específica las célulasreproductoras o gametos masculino y femenino. Ambas se unen para formar una única célula conocida como cigoto, que sufrirá divisiones sucesivas y originará unorganismo nuevo. Para definir la unión de los gametos masculino y femenino se utiliza el término fecundación. En esta forma de reproducción sexual, la mitad de los genesd...

• Animal Courtship and Mating - biology.

  activity. These animals frequently copulate in water, and the penis helps transfer sperm before it is carried away by the currents Ostriches and rheas also contain apenis within the cloaca. Virtually all snakes and lizards display yet another variation of internal fertilization. Located in the tail are two penises, called hemepenes, which are covered by spinesand knobs that help lock it into place during mating. The male uses one hemepene at a time for copulation. Male salamanders secrete large...

• Endangered Species - biology.

  Red List database assesses the status of, and threats to, animal species worldwide. To add to this and other biodiversity databases, nongovernmental organizationssuch as Conservation International and World Wildlife Fund conduct periodic rapid assessments (focused, intensive evaluations) of biodiversity in varioushotspots— regions like Madagascar that are both rich in endemic species and environmentally threatened. This information is used in the administration of international agreements such...

• Medical Ethics.

  medical profession. In recent years, however, the field of medical ethics has struggled to keep pace with the many complex issues raised by new technologies for creating and sustaininglife. Artificial-respiration devices, kidney dialysis, and other machines can keep patients alive who previously would have succumbed to their illnesses or injuries.Advances in organ transplantation have brought new hope to those afflicted with diseased organs. New techniques have enabled prospective parents to con...

• Evolución humana - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Los cambios genéticos pueden mejorar la capacidad de los organismos para sobrevivir, reproducirse y, en animales, criar a su descendencia. Este proceso se denominaadaptación. Los progenitores transmiten mutaciones genéticas adaptativas a su descendencia y finalmente estos cambios se generalizan en una población —un grupo de organismos de la misma especie que comparten un hábitat local particular. Existen numerosos factores que pueden favorecer nuevas adaptaciones, pero los cambios delentorno d...

• Bacteria - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  2.3 Bacterias autótrofas y heterótrofas Respecto a la fuente de carbono que utilizan para nutrirse, las bacterias se pueden clasificar en autótrofas y heterótrofas. Las bacterias autótrofas (producen su propioalimento), lo obtienen del dióxido de carbono (CO 2). Sin embargo, la mayoría de las bacterias son heterótrofas (no producen su propio alimento) y obtienen el carbono de nutrientes orgánicos como el azúcar. Algunas especies heterótrofas sobreviven como parásitos, creciendo dentro de otros...

• Mental Retardation.

  For example, measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough may lead to encephalitis and meningitis, which can damage the brain. Physical trauma to the brain can also cause mental retardation. Brain damage may result from accidental blows to the head, near drowning, severe child abuse, andchildhood exposure to such toxins as lead and mercury. Experts believe that poverty and a lack of stimulation during infancy and early childhood can be factors inmental retardation. Children raised in poor environmen...

• Biodiversity.

  a common molecule, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and most also have deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These molecules direct the production of proteins—molecules responsiblefor the structure and function of virtually all living cells. This is the evolutionary chain of life. All species are descended from a single common ancestor. From that ancient single-celled microbe, all inherited RNA. As time goesby, species diverge and develop their own peculiar attributes, thus making their own contribution to biodiv...

• Biodiversity - biology.

  a common molecule, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and most also have deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These molecules direct the production of proteins—molecules responsiblefor the structure and function of virtually all living cells. This is the evolutionary chain of life. All species are descended from a single common ancestor. From that ancient single-celled microbe, all inherited RNA. As time goesby, species diverge and develop their own peculiar attributes, thus making their own contribution to biodiv...

• Parkinson Disease.

  III SYMPTOMS Parkinson disease most notably affects motor control (muscle activity). The disease progresses differently for each individual—symptoms develop swiftly in some peopleand slowly in others. Some Parkinson patients may develop problems that affect their intellect or ability to reason, or they may suffer from depression or anxiety. A Motor Control Problems Doctors look for the presence of four principal symptoms in patients they suspect may have Parkinson disease. Tremor (the involun...

• Alzheimer's Disease.

  compared residents of Ibadan, Nigeria, who eat a mostly low-fat vegetarian diet, with African Americans living in Indianapolis, Indiana, whose diet included a variety ofhigh-fat foods. The Nigerians were less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease compared to their U.S. counterparts. Some researchers suspect that health problems suchas high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (arteries clogged by fatty deposits), high cholesterol levels, or other cardiovascular problems may play a role in the devel...

• Animal Behavior - biology.

  The first motor program analyzed in much detail was the egg-rolling response of geese. When a goose sees an egg outside its nest, it stares at the egg, stretches itsneck until its bill is just on the other side of the egg, and then gently rolls the egg back into the nest. At first glance this seems a thoughtful and intelligent piece ofbehavior, but it is a mechanical motor program; almost any smooth, rounded object (the sign stimulus) will release the response. Furthermore, removal of the egg on...

• Prokaryote - biology.

  earliest organisms to evolve, an estimated 3.4 billion to 3.5 billion years ago. The environment of the early Earth lacked oxygen, and cyanobacteria probably usedfermentation (a chemical process performed without the presence of oxygen) to produce the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cyanobacteria introduced oxygen into the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. As the oxygen content in the atmosphere increased over the centuries, bacteria evolved that usedthis oxygen in...

• Obesity.

  of a day, contributing to the development of obesity. V TREATMENTS FOR OBESITY Obesity can become a chronic lifelong condition caused by overeating, physical inactivity, and even genetic makeup. No matter what the cause, however, obesity can beprevented or managed with a combination of diet, exercise, behavior modification, and in severe cases, weight-loss medications and surgery. A Diets The most common and conservative treatment for obesity utilizes a nutritionally balanced, low calorie diet...

• Invertebrate - biology.

  animals with a five-pointed design. They live in the sea and move with the help of tiny fluid-filled feet—another feature found nowhere else in the animal world. Zoologists recognize several different groups of worms. The phylum known as flatworms contains the simplest animals possessing heads. Nerves and sense organs areconcentrated in the head. Most flatworms are paper-thin and live in a variety of wet or damp habitats, including the digestive systems of other animals. Roundwormsrepresent anot...

• Invertebrate - biology.

  animals with a five-pointed design. They live in the sea and move with the help of tiny fluid-filled feet—another feature found nowhere else in the animal world. Zoologists recognize several different groups of worms. The phylum known as flatworms contains the simplest animals possessing heads. Nerves and sense organs areconcentrated in the head. Most flatworms are paper-thin and live in a variety of wet or damp habitats, including the digestive systems of other animals. Roundwormsrepresent anot...

• Personality Disorders.

  People with histrionic personality disorder constantly strive to be the center of attention. They may act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that draw attention. They may also talk in a dramatic or theatrical style and display exaggerated emotional reactions. F Narcissistic Personality Disorder People with narcissistic personality disorder have a grandiose sense of self-importance. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited success or power. They believe they...

• Gato - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  2.2 Sentidos La vista del gato está excepcionalmente adaptada a la caza, especialmente de noche. Tiene una excelente visión nocturna, visión periférica muy amplia y una visiónbinocular que le permite calcular distancias con exactitud. La visión diurna del gato no es tan buena como la de los humanos; los gatos ven el movimiento con mucha másfacilidad que el detalle y se cree que sólo pueden ver una gama limitada de colores. El gato tiene un oído extremadamente sensible. Puede oír una amplia esca...

• Stem Cell.

  The medical profession used adult stem cells to treat diseases long before anyone isolated one. In 1968 scientists performed the first successful bone marrowtransplant, a procedure in which a patient receives an infusion of healthy bone marrow cells. The purpose of such transplants is to restore the blood-making capabilitiesof the patient’s diseased bone marrow after extremely strong chemotherapy has destroyed that bone marrow. From the beginning investigators suspected that stemcells in the inf...

• Leukemia.

  leukemia, and normal or mildly decreased in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nearly all chronic leukemia patients have increased white cell counts. In chronic myelocyticleukemia, some of these leukemic white cells are capable of functioning as normal cells do by fighting infectious microbes. Hence, infection is no more common than in ahealthy individual. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia the blood contains large numbers of malignant lymphocytes that do not function normally. Normal lymphocytescoexist...

• Depression (psychology).

  IV CAUSES Some depressions seem to come out of the blue, even when things are going well. Others seem to have an obvious cause: a marital conflict, financial difficulty, or somepersonal failure. Yet many people with these problems do not become deeply depressed. Most psychologists believe depression results from an interaction betweenstressful life events and a person’s biological and psychological vulnerabilities. A Biological Factors Depression runs in families. By studying twins, researche...

• Dentistry.

  Together with dentists, dental hygienists and dental assistants make up the team that provides dental care to patients. Hygienists record patient medical histories, suchas blood pressure and pulse. They clean teeth, apply sealants and fluoride treatments, teach patients sound oral hygiene practices, and often assist with X rays. Manyhygienists receive a two-year associate degree, while others may choose to enroll in a four-year program at a university or in a master’s degree program. There are25...

• Cat. I INTRODUCTION Cat, small, mainly carnivorous animal, Felis silvestris catus, member of

  D Coat Colors The domestic cat's original coat color was probably grayish-brown with darker tabby stripes, a color that provides excellent camouflage in a variety of environments. Allother coat colors and patterns are the result of genetic mutations; for example, solid coat colors such as black and blue are the result of a gene that suppresses tabbystripes; an orange coat is the result of a gene that transforms black pigment to orange; and a solid white coat is the result of a gene that complet...

• Cat - biology.

  D Coat Colors The domestic cat's original coat color was probably grayish-brown with darker tabby stripes, a color that provides excellent camouflage in a variety of environments. Allother coat colors and patterns are the result of genetic mutations; for example, solid coat colors such as black and blue are the result of a gene that suppresses tabbystripes; an orange coat is the result of a gene that transforms black pigment to orange; and a solid white coat is the result of a gene that complet...

• Blood.

  substances. For example, a person who is blood type A positive will not make antibodies against the A or Rh markers, but will make antibodies against the B marker,which is not on that person’s own red blood cells. If blood containing the B marker (from types B positive, B negative, AB positive, or AB negative) is transfused into thisperson, then the transfused red blood cells will be rapidly destroyed by the patient’s anti-B antibodies. In this case, the transfusion will do the patient no good a...

• Human Disease.

  disease can be transmitted through food infected with mutated proteins. B Spread of Infectious Disease Some pathogens are spread from one person to another by direct contact. They leave the first person through body openings, mucous membranes, and skin wounds,and they enter the second person through similar channels. For example, the viruses that cause respiratory diseases such as influenza and the common cold are spreadin moisture droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. A hand that...