442 résultats pour "policés"

• Définition du terme: CROCHE1, adjectif.

  Ses frêles doigts tendus qui crochaient à même sa moustache (MAURICE GENEVOIX, Raboliot, 1925, page 312). · [Au passif, le sujet désignant le bras, la main, le doigt] Être recourbé pour agripper quelque chose. Il la tenait d'un doigt croché dans la gourmette de son bras gauche (PIERRE HAMP, Vin de Champagne, 1909, page 224 ). — En particulier, plus rarement et au figuré. Arrêter (par la police). De temps en temps il est croché par la police et mis au violon (ALBERT THIBAUDET, Réflexions sur la l...

• Définition: BALAI, substantif masculin.

  marine (ROBERT GRUSS) 1952). ? Argot. Descente de police. (...) o? passe (...) ce coup de balai qu'on nomme une descente de police (VICTOR HUGO, Les Travailleurs de la mer, 1866, page 166 ). 2. Manche ? balai. a) B?ton qui permet de tenir le balai. ? En particulier. Manche ? balai ou balai. Monture symbolique que sorciers et sorci?res enfourchaient pour se rendre au sabbat?: ? 3.... il est impossible que dans un balai il n'y ait pas quelques brins qui se croisent; et alors voil? une...

• Selon l’auteur, le journaliste ne peut pas se permettre de tout dire. Qu’en pensez-vous ?

  Session de ;uin 1991 connaissances et des lois, de cruelles incertitudes - dont mille enquêtes, témoignages et débats ne cessent de rendre compte. Les avocats ne sont guère en reste, ni les chercheurs et leurs manipu­ lations biologiques ou leurs armes absolues, ni les utilisateurs mili­ taires de ces engins. Mais enfin, les uns et les autres ont leur ser­ ment d'Hippocrate(2), leur barreau, leurs conventions de Genève....

• introduction générale au droit

  qu’elle fasse quelque chose. Ex : le droit de propriété. Ex : le droit d’occuper un appartement car paiement d’un loyer. Nous parlons de l’attribut d’une personne. Nous parlons de droit subjectif. En anglais : right. · Il y a le droit, ensemble de règles juridiques et les droits, attachés à une personne. On étudie le droit dans ces deux dimensions ! Section 2 : L’identification du droit § 1 – Les critères d’identification de...

• Purification ethnique: le rapport Mazowiecki

  albanaise) comme " dangereuse ". " Les leaders albanais, comme les représentants des communautés musulmane et catholique duKosovo, ont fourni au rapporteur spécial la preuve de discriminations contre les Albanais de souche ainsi que de violations desdroits de l'homme ", indique le rapport, qui fait notamment état d'une manifestation réprimée par la police alors qu'elle avait étéautorisée et de brutalités policières contre des manifestants. M. Mazowiecki évoque également une discrimination certai...

• Misérables (les). Roman de Victor Hugo (résumé de l'oeuvre & analyse détaillée)

  sauve. Bouleversé, jean Valjean cède à une der­ nière tentation en détroussant un petit Savoyard puis devient honnête homme (livres 1-111). En 18 17 à Paris, Fantine a été séduite par un étudiant puis abandonnée avec sa petite .Cosette, qu'elle a confiée à un couple de sordides aubergistes de Montfermeil, les Thénardier. Elle est contrainte de se prostituer. Arrêtée à Montreuil-sur-Mer et interrogée par le policier javert, elle est relâchée...

• Définition: ESPION, ESPIONNE, substantif.

  large d'Haïfa (Paris-Match, 3 février 1968, page 24). B.— Substantif masculin, par métonymie. Miroir incliné qui sert à observer sans être vu. [Le libraire peut] munir sa porte (...) d'un espion, ou miroir penché, reflétant le trottoir et les faits et gestes des chalands (HOGIER-GRISON (PSEUDONYME COLLECTIF), Le Monde où l'on vole, 1887, page 239 ). — En apposition. Aux croisées, miroirs espions où l'on voit de l'appartement ceux qui passent dans la rue (JULES MICHELET, Journal, 1832, page 107 )...

• Définition du terme: CURIEUX, -EUSE, adjectif.

  et/ou de posséder, notamment des choses rares. Il n'est plus de livres qu'un curieux ne se procure s'il en grille d'envie (JACQUES-ÉMILE BLANCHE, Mes Modèles, 1928, page 202 ). Confer également le titre de la revue L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux : Ø 3. Un curieux d'architecture trouvera dans le détail de ces constructions d'époques si différentes que sont les collèges et les chapelles, un objet de contemplations indéfinies. PAUL BOURGET, Études et portraits, Études anglaises, 1888,...

• Le Ventre de Paris Il haussa les epaules, comme pour dire que tout cela etait bien ennuyeux.

  l'eussent devancee a la prefecture: elle n'aurait pas a tromper Quenu, elle en dormirait mieux. —Est-ce que tu as les places? lui demanda Quenu, lorsqu'elle rentra. Il voulut les voir, se fit expliquer a quel endroit du balcon elles se trouvaient an juste. Lisa avait cru que la police accourrait, des qu'elle l'aurait prevenue, et son projet d'aller au theatre n'etait qu'une facon habile d'eloigner son mari, pendant qu'on arreterait Florent. Elle comptait, l'apres-midi, le pousser a une promenade...

• policier (film).

  policier (film) - Le Grand sommeil (1946), de Howard Hawks, page 3992, volume 7 policier (film) - Le Faucon maltais (1941), de John Huston, page 3992, volume 7 La jungle des trottoirs. Dans les années quarante et cinquante, ces films pessimistes qui concluaient à la disparition de la loi et de l'ordre dans la jungle des trottoirs ( The Asphalt Jungle , 1950, en français Quand la ville dort ) furent qualifiés de « films noirs ». Et l'évolution anarchique de la délinquance dans les dernières...

• main. Wexford écouta ensuite le compte rendu de la conversation de

  rien luidemander. quandelleétait plusjeune, sonpère luidisait toujours :" Je veux savoir o˘tuvas etavec qui.quand tu auras dix-huit ans,tuseras majeure ettu pourras fairecequ'il teplaira. "Eh bien, elleamaintenant dix-huitans,etelle se souvient. Monmarim'empêche d'ailleursdeluidemander descomptes. Detoute façon, elleneme répondrait pas. - que s'est-il passéaprèssondépart? J'imagine quevous nel'avez pasattendue? - S'il n'avait tenuqu'àmoi, jel'aurais fait,puisque jesavais quesonfiancé étaitàBirmi...

• Définition: CAROTTE, substantif féminin.

  2. GÉOLOGIE, MINES, OCÉANOGRAPHIE. Échantillon de terrain (roche, argile, etc.), en forme de cylindre allongé, prélevé dans un trou de sondage au moyen d'un carottier*. Synonyme : témoin. Carottes de sondage; carotte d'argile; prélever des carottes. Remarque : 1. Les carottes, naguère mal protégées, s'érodaient à la remontée et prenaient une forme légèrement conique : d'où la similitude avec la racine et le nom (d'après Le langage pétrolier 1964). 2. Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes...

• L'armée regroupe l'ensemble des forces militaires d'un État.

  nombre d'environ 205 000. Complétez votre recherche en consultant : Les corrélats conscription défense - 1.ARMÉE gendarmerie nationale service national Les médias armée - les dangers de l'imprévoyance maréchal - maréchaux d'Empire, maréchaux de France Les livres Légion étrangère, page 2826, volume 5 armée - effigie d'un fantassin français de la Première Guerre mondiale, page 352, volume 1 armée - défilé d'élèves de l'École polytechnique, page 353, volume 1 Le service national...

• Le coup de Prague

  la proposition que lui faisait Washington de faire bénéficier la Tchécoslovaquie du programme Marshall. Mais Staline ne l'entendait pas de cette oreille. Le chef du gouvernement de Prague, convoqué à Moscou, fut sommé de revenirsur sa décision, et, bien entendu, obtempéra. " Nous ne sommes plus des vassaux ", devait constater Jan Masaryk devant soncollègue Ripka. Pour le Kremlin, comme devait l'expliquer Jdanov, en octobre, à la session constitutive du Kominform, " deux camps s'étaientform...

• Mazeroski's Home Run Wins the Series.

  Capitalizing on a break of their own the Yankees tied the score in the top of the ninth inning. With one run in and one out, smart baserunning by Mantle robbedPittsburgh of a double play and allowed pinch-runner Gil McDougald to score. The bottom of the ninth brought the Forbes faithful to its feet and Mazeroski to the plate. A steady but not spectacular hitter, the 24-year-old West Virginian hadearned more of a reputation for his sparkling fielding. Years later a noted statistician gave Maz...

• Le conflit irlandais

  10 février 1975 Nouveau cessez-le-feu décrété par l'IRA provisoire. 1er mai 1975Election des membres de la convention constitutionnelle. Les extrémistes protestants sont majoritaires. 9 août 1975 Renouveau de violence : deux enfants tués. 13 août 1975 Un attentat à Belfast contre un pub protestant fait cinq morts. 18 novembre 1975 Explosion d'une bombe dans un restaurant à Chelsea à Londres : deux morts, dix-sept blessés. 5 décembre 1975 Merlyn Rees, secrétaire d'Etat à l'Irl...

• Article de presse: Les porteurs de valise

  Les amitiés qu'il a conservées dans les milieux bancaires serviront à perfectionner le système d'évasion de l'argent du FLN. L'année 1956 est fertile en événements: manifestations contre le départ des rappelés, premières exécutions de membres duFLN à Alger, arraisonnement par l'armée française de l'avion transportant Ben Bella et quatre autres chefs du FLN, écrasementde l'insurrection hongroise par les chars soviétiques, expédition franco-britannique sur le canal de Suez. Le gouvernement c...

• Histoire et évolution du Japon

  A – Evolution du Japon (1867 - 1912) C\'est en 1867 que le japon s\'ouvre enfin totalement au reste de la planète suite à une guerre civile opposant les forces du Shogun (chef militaire du Japon féodal) et celle de l\'Empereur. C\'est l\'empereur Mutsu -Hito qui inaugure l\'ère Meiji et qui va moderniser en quelques années le Japon afin de rivaliser face aux puissances occidentales. En 1877 les dernières révoltes des traditionalistes et des samouraïs prennent fin, le Jap...

• Winnipeg - Geography.

  about to become a territory of the Dominion of Canada, the Métis seized Upper Fort Garry because Canadian expansion was a threat to their own territorial claims andto their unique way of life. This began the Red River Rebellion, which ended with Canada’s 1870 agreement to make Manitoba a self-governing province. Winnipeg wasmade the provincial capital. The young city came into its own after 1885, when the Canadian Pacific Railway was extended to the Pacific Coast, but it did not really boom unti...

•   La belle Lisa ne se permettait plus qu'un régal.

  pour s’excuser àses propres yeuxduplaisir honnête qu’elleprenait aveclui,sedisait qu’elle compensait ainsilecoup de poing dontellel’avait assommé, danslacave auxvolailles. Cependant, lacharcuterie restaitchagrine. Florents’yhasardait quelquefois encore,serrantlamain deson frère, dans lesilence glacialdeLisa. Ilyvenait même dînerdeloin enloin, ledimanche. Quenufaisaitalorsdegrands effortsde gaieté, sanspouvoir échauffer lerepas. Ilmangeait mal,finissait parsefâcher. Unsoir, ensortant d’unedeces f...

• FICHE DE LECTURE THERESE RAQUIN de ZOLA

  8 jours après le mariage, Camille veut vivre à Paris. Ils partent à la fin du mois. Il cherche un emploi pendant 1mois.Pendant 3 ans, les jours se suivirent, semblables. 6 mois plus tard, rencontre avec Laurent. Après avoir peint letableau ils se retrouvent en secret pendant 8 mois. Les amants ne s'approchent plus pendant 15 jours. Elle se rendchez lui. 3 semaines se passent. Camille, Thérèse et Laurent se promène à St Ouen où Camille est assassiné. Lelendemain, les journaux annonçaient la nou...

• LE PETIT LEXIQUE DE LITTERATURE

  Le Burlesque sera particulièrement à la mode entre 1640 et 1660. Il s'en prendra tour à tour à l'épopée, à latragédie, au portrait, au roman. Voir : Scarron : Virgile travesti ; Cyrano ; Boileau : Le Lutrin. CARTÉSIANISME. — Prend son origine dans le Discours de là Méthode de Descartes et surtout dans la première règle: « ne recevoir jamais aucune chose pour vraie que je ne la connusse évidemment être telle ». C'est la négation dela méthode d'autorité qui, depuis la scolastique, au Moye...

• Histoire du droit

    Nicolas Machiavel : florentin (ce sont finalement les banquiers qui vont gouverner la république de Florence). Machiavel a surtout réfléchi sur Tite Live et a fait des réflexions sur le pouvoir (cf. Le Prince).   Claude de Seyssel : savoyard a été évêque et archevêque de Turin a écrit « La Grande Monarchie de France » ; il engage une monarchie tempérée par des « freins » qui sont trois : la religion, la justice et la police (dans le sens des lois fondamentales).   Les théoriciens protestants o...

• Richard Bennett.

  that had existed since 1920. He used able people from various government departments to write legislation, to negotiate trade agreements, and to act as economicadvisers. He also built up the political and secret work of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. A Tariff Policy Bennett's tariff policy combined protection for Canadian farmers and manufacturers and special treatment for nations that were members of the British Commonwealth.In 1932, at a Commonwealth economic conference, a series of agree...

• Richard Bennett - Canadian History.

  that had existed since 1920. He used able people from various government departments to write legislation, to negotiate trade agreements, and to act as economicadvisers. He also built up the political and secret work of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. A Tariff Policy Bennett's tariff policy combined protection for Canadian farmers and manufacturers and special treatment for nations that were members of the British Commonwealth.In 1932, at a Commonwealth economic conference, a series of agree...

• Cisjordanie.

  L’économie de la Cisjordanie était essentiellement agricole avant 1967. L’occupation israélienne a entraîné de profonds bouleversements sociaux. Israël a favorisé ledéveloppement d’une main-d'œuvre industrielle en faisant appel à des dizaines de milliers de travailleurs palestiniens employés dans l’industrie israélienne, et notammentdans le secteur du bâtiment. Cette main-d’œuvre journalière, bon marché, accomplit un travail sous-qualifié et précaire. Elle est la première touchée par les mesures...

• Pierre Elliott Trudeau.

  IV PRIME MINISTER After the resignation of Lester Pearson as leader of the Liberal Party, Trudeau was chosen as his successor, and on April 20, 1968, he became prime minister. He calleda general election and showed himself to be a brilliant campaigner, projecting an image of youthful charm and vitality. He argued for a united Canada with equal rightsfor French- and English-speaking citizens and opposed special status for any province. The voters gave him a substantial majority over Robert Stan...

• Pierre Elliott Trudeau - Canadian History.

  IV PRIME MINISTER After the resignation of Lester Pearson as leader of the Liberal Party, Trudeau was chosen as his successor, and on April 20, 1968, he became prime minister. He calleda general election and showed himself to be a brilliant campaigner, projecting an image of youthful charm and vitality. He argued for a united Canada with equal rightsfor French- and English-speaking citizens and opposed special status for any province. The voters gave him a substantial majority over Robert Stan...

• Homosexuality.

  that “the history of our nation has demonstrated that separate is seldom, if ever, equal,” in affirming that homosexuals are entitled to the same rights of marriage asheterosexuals. On May 17, 2004, same-sex marriages became legal in Massachusetts, and authorities there began to marry gay couples. State legislators pledged toamend the state constitution to ban gay marriage but allow civil unions. Such an amendment would require voter approval. A growing number of local governments and private co...

• Wetland.

  Other plants and animals have special adaptations suited for living in a wet environment. Most emergent plants have air spaces in their stems that enable oxygen to betransported to roots that grow in sediments with no oxygen. Some of the trees that grow in swamps form a set of roots above the soil surface or above the water thatallows them to get oxygen to the lower roots. In saltwater wetlands, specialized cells can limit the amount of salt that enters a plant, or specialized organs can excrete...

• Woman Suffrage - U.

  form the National American Woman Suffrage Association. For many years thereafter the association worked to advance women’s rights on both the state and federallevels. Besides Stone, Anthony, and Stanton, leaders and supporters of the association included the noted American feminists Harriet Beecher Stowe, Julia Ward Howe,Clara Barton, Jane Addams, and Carrie Chapman Catt. Largely as a result of agitation by the association, suffrage was granted in the states of Colorado (1893), Utahand Idaho (18...

• Dominica - country.

  Other crops are being promoted to diversify the economy away from reliance on bananas. They include coffee, cacao, mangoes, citrus fruit, and root vegetables. Pumice is quarried and exported on Dominica. Manufacturing is on a small scale and largely limited to the processing of farm products. The main manufactured goodsare fruit juices, alcoholic beverages, soap, and essential oils. The island also has electronic assembly plants, data-processing companies, and garment manufacturers. The governme...

• Federal Reserve System.

  and their powers were also expanded. For example, discount rates now had to be approved periodically by the board. Sales and purchases of governmentsecurities—the open-market operation that previously had been managed solely at the discretion of the presidents of the reserve banks—were centralized in the FederalOpen Market Committee (FOMC), consisting of the seven governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other reserve bank presidentsserving on a rotating basis....

• John Diefenbaker.

  only Conservative elected from Saskatchewan, which had gone solidly to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a coalition party dedicated to social andwelfare reforms. In 1952 the Liberals in Saskatchewan abolished Diefenbaker's Lake Centre seat altogether by merging it with the neighboring legislative district of Moose Jaw, where theCCF had a vast majority. In 1953 Diefenbaker decided to run for election in Prince Albert. Again he was the only Conservative returned to Parliament fromSa...

• John Diefenbaker - Canadian History.

  only Conservative elected from Saskatchewan, which had gone solidly to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a coalition party dedicated to social andwelfare reforms. In 1952 the Liberals in Saskatchewan abolished Diefenbaker's Lake Centre seat altogether by merging it with the neighboring legislative district of Moose Jaw, where theCCF had a vast majority. In 1953 Diefenbaker decided to run for election in Prince Albert. Again he was the only Conservative returned to Parliament fromSa...

• Elizabeth I I INTRODUCTION Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

  Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...

• Elizabeth I.

  Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...

• Elizabeth I .

  Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...

• Lester Pearson.

  a vacant seat. The by-election followed a major Liberal victory in September, and as a Liberal Party candidate, Pearson won by a comfortable margin in Algoma East,Ontario. He was reelected to the House of Commons in elections between 1949 and 1965. He was immediately made secretary of state for external affairs in the cabinetof Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. In this post, Pearson set a new standard of frank exchange and cooperation that brought him respect and esteem. However, manyCanadians w...

• Lester Pearson - Canadian History.

  a vacant seat. The by-election followed a major Liberal victory in September, and as a Liberal Party candidate, Pearson won by a comfortable margin in Algoma East,Ontario. He was reelected to the House of Commons in elections between 1949 and 1965. He was immediately made secretary of state for external affairs in the cabinetof Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. In this post, Pearson set a new standard of frank exchange and cooperation that brought him respect and esteem. However, manyCanadians w...

• Armenian Massacres .

  Some of the Armenian revolutionaries and others hoped that the massacres would provoke the intervention of the European powers (Britain, France, Austria-Hungary,and Germany). Although the leaders of the European powers publicly condemned the actions of the sultan, they failed to intervene. Mutual rivalries and suspicions, aswell as the imprecise terms of Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin, helped produce this inaction. But these bloody episodes soon paved the way for the rise of a newnationalist...

• Republican Party.

  the reaction to the depression that the Republican Party controlled Congress for only 4 of the 48 years between 1932 and 1980. The Republicans did win the presidencyfour times during that period—in 1952, 1956, 1968, and 1972—when the Democratic Party split or when some unusual combination of circumstances occurred. Fromthe 1930s through the 1970s, however, the Democratic Party was the dominant party in the United States. The response of the Republicans to this new situation was confusion, anger,...

• César-Preisträger.

  1976 Philippe Noiret Le Vieux fusil Das alte Gewehr 1977 Michel Galabru Le Juge et l'assassin Der Richter und der Mörder 1978 Jean Rochefort Le Crabe-tambour Der Haudegen 1979 Michel Serrault La Cage aux folles Ein Käfig voller Narren 1980 Claude Brasseur La Guerre des polices Der Polizeikrieg 1981 Gérard Depardieu Le Dernier métro Die letzte Metro 1982 Michel Serrault Garde à vue Das Verhör 1983 Philippe Léotard La Balance Der Verrat 1984 Coluche Tchao, pantin! Am Rande der Nacht 1985 Alain Del...

• Richard Nixon.

  As President Eisenhower neared the end of his second term, his vice president emerged as his logical successor, and the president endorsed Nixon in March. Nixonreceived an impressive vote in party primaries, and at the Republican National Convention, held in Chicago in July, he received all but ten of the delegates’ votes on thefirst ballot. Nixon chose as his running mate the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. An unusual feature of the campaign wasa serie...

• Richard Nixon

  As President Eisenhower neared the end of his second term, his vice president emerged as his logical successor, and the president endorsed Nixon in March. Nixonreceived an impressive vote in party primaries, and at the Republican National Convention, held in Chicago in July, he received all but ten of the delegates’ votes on thefirst ballot. Nixon chose as his running mate the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. An unusual feature of the campaign wasa serie...

• Labor Union.

  B The Legal Environment The legal environment, which permits certain types of union activities and prohibits others, also influences the extent of union organization. States with right-to-worklaws have much lower unionization rates than other states. In the United States, the states with the lowest unionization rates are North Carolina, South Carolina, SouthDakota, and Arkansas—states that have right-to-work laws. In 2000 the unionization rate in these states ranged from 4.44 percent to 6.7 per...

• Labor Unions in Canada - Canadian History.

  job. Before collective bargaining begins, workers elect a bargaining committee. The bargaining committee determines the workers’ demands and strategy innegotiations with the employer. Local unions usually are part of national or international unions. These national and international unions employ a staff for organizing workers at the local level, doingresearch, educating union members about labor and political matters, and working with local union leaders. Unions hold regular conventions of dele...

• September 11 Attacks - U.

  around and flew it back toward Washington, D.C. Flying low and fast, the airplane hit the Pentagon at 9:37 AM. In a bit of good fortune, the plane crashed into the west side of the building, which had recently been reinforced with stronger construction and blast-resistant windows in order to withstand a terrorist attack. Even so, theplane penetrated three of the Pentagon’s five concentric rings, taking a chunk out of the building and incinerating dozens of offices and the people who worked in t...

• Harry S.

  B2 Presiding Judge Political machines, such as the Pendergast organization, were common to both parties in the 1920s. They were based on the spoils system, in which winning politiciansgave government jobs to those loyal party members who had helped them get elected. Using government jobs as rewards, politicians created efficient (and oftenalmost unstoppable) vote-getting “machines,” in which party loyalty was often more important than doing any work. Without local machine support a political ca...

• Harry S.

  B2 Presiding Judge Political machines, such as the Pendergast organization, were common to both parties in the 1920s. They were based on the spoils system, in which winning politiciansgave government jobs to those loyal party members who had helped them get elected. Using government jobs as rewards, politicians created efficient (and oftenalmost unstoppable) vote-getting “machines,” in which party loyalty was often more important than doing any work. Without local machine support a political ca...