96 résultats pour "lai"

• Eye. I INTRODUCTION Eye, light-sensitive organ of vision in animals. The eyes of

  Several structures, not parts of the eyeball, contribute to the protection of the eye. The most important of these are the eyelids, two folds of skin and tissue, upper andlower, that can be closed by means of muscles to form a protective covering over the eyeball against excessive light and mechanical injury. The eyelashes, a fringe ofshort hairs growing on the edge of either eyelid, act as a screen to keep dust particles and insects out of the eyes when the eyelids are partly closed. Inside the...

• Plant - biology.

  B1 Vacuoles Vacuoles are membrane-bound cavities filled with cell sap, which is made up mostly of water containing various dissolved sugars, salts, and other chemicals. B2 Plastids Plastids are types of organelles, structures that carry out specialized functions in the cell. Three kinds of plastids are important here. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyllsand carotenoid pigments; they are the site of photosynthesis, the process in which light energy from the sun is fixed as chemical energy in the b...

• Gardening - biology.

  of synthetic and organic fertilizers, see Organic Farming.) Fertilizers usually are sold in packages, on which the percentage by weight of the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are listed on thelabel—always in the order N-P-K. For example, a fertilizer that is labeled 10-5-3 is 10 percent nitrogen, 5 percent phosphorus, and 3 percent potassium. V PLANTING AND TRANSPLANTING Before planting seeds, gardeners prepare, or till, the soil using a variety of methods. Some...

• Rain Forest.

  dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters. Suspended from the crane’s long, movable arm is a large gondola that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory.Moving from tree to tree, forest researchers collect specimens, conduct experiments, and observe life in the canopy frontier. The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees, those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents, which do not form acontinuous layer, are usually the giants of the for...

• Amphibian (animal) - biology.

  strong enough to kill potential predators. C Hearing, Vision, and Vocalizations Amphibians rely on their senses to find food and evade predators. Amphibians lack external ears but have well-developed internal ears. Hearing is most acute in frogs,which typically have a middle ear cavity for transferring sound vibrations from the eardrum, or tympanum, to the inner ear. Frogs and toads also use their keen hearingin communicating with one another. Using a true voice box, or larynx, and a large, exp...

• Pollution.

  One of the greatest challenges caused by air pollution is global warming, an increase in Earth’s temperature due to the buildup of certain atmospheric gases such ascarbon dioxide. With the heavy use of fossil fuels in the 20th century, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have risen dramatically. Carbon dioxide and othergases, known as greenhouse gases, reduce the escape of heat from the planet without blocking radiation coming from the Sun. Because of this greenhouse effect,average glob...

• Nunavut - Canadian History.

  The Arctic Lands is a complex geological area that is centered on the Arctic Ocean. It includes coastal plains, plateaus, and mountains. Coastal plains and plateaus arefound in the western Northwest Territories section of the Arctic Lands, such as on Victoria Island, which is mostly a large, flat plateau. In striking contrast to theserelatively gentle landscapes, the eastern Nunavut section of the Arctic Lands is dominated by a jagged chain of ice-covered mountains. The mountains on EllesmereIsl...

• EARTH, ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE

  oxygen, which has three instead of the usual two atoms in itsmolecules. The ozone layer also plays a vital role in helpinglife on Earth. It does so by filtering out from sunlight most ofthe harmful ultraviolet rays. These are the rays that causesunburn. Without the ozone layer, the intensity of ultraviolet radiationwould have a devastating effect on both plant and animal life.That is why the observed thinning of the ozone layer because ofatmospheric pollution is so worrying. 3.Into spaceThe air...

• LAIS (Histoire de la littérature)

  peut être surajoutée. D'ailleurs, certains« lais courtois » (Oiselet, Vair Palefroi) en sont dépourvus. La terminolo­ gie médiévale est toujours floue L voir aussi DIT]. La plupart des lais se présentent néanmoins comme l'élabo­ ration poétique d'une tradition orale ou lyrique : «les Bretons en firent (en chantèrent) un lai », pour dire une «aventure», pour remémorer un événement singulier, extraordinaire par son caractère surnaturel ou pathétique. L'amour...

• Conservation.

  cancers, Hodgkin’s disease and leukemia. Unfortunately, human activities have greatly reduced biodiversity around the world. The 20th century encompasses one of the greatest waves of extinction, orelimination of species, to occur on the planet. The greatest threat to biodiversity is loss of habitat as humans develop land for agriculture, grazing livestock, industry,and habitation. The most drastic damage has occurred in the tropical rain forests, which cover less than seven percent of the Earth’...

• Turtle.

  Turtles use their jaws to cut and handle food. Instead of teeth, a turtle’s upper and lower jaws are covered by horny ridges, similar to a bird’s beak. Meat-eating turtlescommonly have knife-sharp ridges for slicing through their prey. Plant-eating turtles often have ridges with serrated edges that help them cut through tough plants.Turtles use their tongues in swallowing food, but unlike many other reptiles, such as chameleons, they cannot stick out their tongues to capture food. C Limb Structu...

• Turtle - biology.

  Turtles use their jaws to cut and handle food. Instead of teeth, a turtle’s upper and lower jaws are covered by horny ridges, similar to a bird’s beak. Meat-eating turtlescommonly have knife-sharp ridges for slicing through their prey. Plant-eating turtles often have ridges with serrated edges that help them cut through tough plants.Turtles use their tongues in swallowing food, but unlike many other reptiles, such as chameleons, they cannot stick out their tongues to capture food. C Limb Structu...

• La danse sacrée des derviches tourneurs

  poussait jusque-là au mal et à la recherche des plaisirs des sens, pour se plonger dans le marifat Allah, la connaissan­ ce de Dieu . L'exercice le plus important de cette quête mys­ tique est le dhikr, qui consiste en invo c ations individuelles ou collectives, accompagnées de musique ou même de danses, les raqs, comme c'est le cas chez les derviches tourneurs. Le rôle du cheikh est indispensable pour aider le discipl...

• LITTERATURE: Marie de France

  ' LE ROMAN AUX XIIe ET Xllfe SIÈCLES 31 MARIE DE FRANCE La plus ancienne femme de lettres de notre littérature n'est pas à proprement parler une romancière. Auteur d'un Isopet (recueil de fables) et de la traduction d'un livre latin, le Purgatoire de saint Patrice, elle s'illustra surtout par la composition de lais, courtes nouvelles en vers, empruntées pour la plupart à la matière de Bretagne. Nous savons bien peu de...

• Thésée et le Minotaure

  est lui même emprisonné mais parvient à s'échapper avec son fils Icare en se fabricant des ailes de plumes et de cire. Dionysos : Fils de Zeus et Sémélé ; dieu de la végétation, en particulier de la vigne. Il devient Bacchus chez les Romains. Égée : Célèbre roi d'Athènes. Croyant son fils vaincu par le Minotaure, il se noie dans la mer qui porte son nom. Éthra : Fille du roi Pitthée à Trézène. Elle est séduite par Poséidon et par Égée et donne naissance à Thésée qui a...

• Eugenie Grandet faillite, comprenez-vous?

  —Allons donc, pensait en lui-meme le vigneron, decidez-vous donc! —Et si quelqu'un partait pour Paris, y cherchait le plus fort creancier de votre frere Guillaume, lui disait ... —Mi, min, minute, ici, reprit le bonhomme, lui disait. Quoi? Quelque, que cho, chooo, chose ce, ce, comme ca: —Monsieur Grandet de Saumur pa, pa, par ci, monsieur Grandet, det, det de Saumur par la. Il aime son frere, il aime son ne, ne, neveu. Grandet est un bon pa, pa, parent, et il a de tres bonnes intentions. Il a b...

• Tristan Et Iseut

  -La fleur de farine : « Le jour d'avant […] bandée » (l13-16 p37)-La fin du sortilège : -« le lendemain de la saint Jean » (l11 p55)-« Dans le soir » (l47 p 55) Tout comme dans Béroul, Thomas d'Angleterre utilise principalement des analepses :-Le mariage de Tristan : -« puisque Iseut m'a aimé […] joie » (l1-2 p74)-« si elle […] aimer » (l52-55 p 76)-Le lai de Guiron : -« il l'avait […] pays » (l13-15 p83)-« il en est […] quelqu'un » (l36-39 p 84)-La blessure fatale : « J'y avais un château […] d...

• Inuit.

  VII HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION, AND CLOTHING Inuit homes are of two kinds: walrus or sealskin tents for summer and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone, with a driftwood orwhalebone frame, chinked and covered with moss or sod. The entrance is a long, narrow passage just high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees.During long journeys some Canadian Inuit build igloos, winter houses of snow blocks piled in a dome shape (the term igloo comes from the I...

• Digestive System.

  The stomach, located in the upper abdomen just below the diaphragm, is a saclike structure with strong, muscular walls. The stomach can expand significantly to storeall the food from a meal for both mechanical and chemical processing. The stomach contracts about three times per minute, churning the food and mixing it with gastricjuice. This fluid, secreted by thousands of gastric glands in the lining of the stomach, consists of water, hydrochloric acid, an enzyme called pepsin, and mucin (the...

• Antibiotics.

  In some species of bacteria the cell wall consists primarily of a thick layer of peptidoglycan. Other species have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan and an outer aswell as an inner membrane. When bacteria are subjected to Gram's stain, these differences in structure affect the differential staining of the bacteria with a dye calledgentian violet. The differences in staining coloration (gram-positive bacteria appear purple and gram-negative bacteria appear colorless or reddish, depending on t...

• Artificial Intelligence.

  Work in AI has primarily focused on two broad areas: developing logic-based systems that perform common-sense and expert reasoning, and using cognitive andbiological models to simulate and explain the information-processing capabilities of the human brain. In general, work in AI can be categorized within three research anddevelopment types: symbolic, connectionist, and evolutionary. Each has characteristic strengths and weaknesses. A Symbolic AI Symbolic AI is based in logic. It uses sequences...

• Vietnamkrieg - Geschichte.

  Zugleich wurden die Bombardements in Nordvietnam weitergeführt und sogar noch intensiviert; Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur Nordvietnams wurden weitgehend zerstört, sodass das Land schließlich fast vollständig auf Militär- und Wirtschaftshilfe aus China und der Sowjetunion angewiesen war. Im Süden waren die Vietcong-Kämpfer für dieUSA und ihre Verbündeten äußerst schwer zu fassen, da der dichte Dschungel dem Vietcong ein sicheres, für die US-Truppen nahezu undurchdringliches und nichteinsehbares Rü...

• Ecology.

  an input of nutrients exceeding the capability of the ecosystem to process them. Nutrients eroded and leached from agricultural lands, along with sewage and industrialwastes accumulated from urban areas, all drain into streams, rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These pollutants destroy plants and animals that cannot tolerate theirpresence or the changed environmental conditions caused by them; at the same time they favor a few organisms more tolerant to changed conditions. Thus,precipitation filled...

• Ecology - biology.

  an input of nutrients exceeding the capability of the ecosystem to process them. Nutrients eroded and leached from agricultural lands, along with sewage and industrialwastes accumulated from urban areas, all drain into streams, rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These pollutants destroy plants and animals that cannot tolerate theirpresence or the changed environmental conditions caused by them; at the same time they favor a few organisms more tolerant to changed conditions. Thus,precipitation filled...

• Seal (mammal) - biology.

  remote lakes by swimming thousands of kilometers up rivers from the Arctic Ocean. A few other species such as ringed seals and harbor seals have been found livingyear-round in lakes and rivers near the coasts of Russia, Canada, and Alaska. IV DIET OF SEALS Most seals eat fish and sometimes squid. The leopard seal, an Antarctic species, may have the most diverse diet of all, commonly hunting penguins and other seabirds,smaller seals, as well as fish, squid, krill (small shrimplike crustaceans),...

• Anatomy.

  The body defends itself against foreign proteins and infectious microorganisms by means of a complex dual system that depends on recognizing a portion of the surfacepattern of the invader. The two parts of the system are termed cellular immunity, in which lymphocytes are the effective agent, and humoral immunity, based on theaction of antibody molecules. When particular lymphocytes recognize a foreign molecular pattern (termed an antigen), they release antibodies in great numbers; other lymphocy...

• Carbon - chemistry.

  Graphite is black and slippery and conducts electricity. In graphite, the atoms form planar, or flat, layers. Each layer is made up of rings containing six carbon atoms.The rings are linked to each other in a structure that resembles the hexagonal mesh of chicken wire. Each atom has three sigma bonds (with 120° between any two ofthe bonds) and belongs to three neighboring rings. The fourth electron of each atom becomes part of an extensive pi bond system. Graphite conducts electricity,because th...

• Skiing.

  Safety is very important to all skiers, and all Alpine resorts have a ski patrol. The ski patrol’s responsibility is to take care of injured skiers, to mark hazardous spots ontrails, to make sure that trails are in good condition before opening them, and, at times, to act as traffic police in congested areas. Skiers are also responsible for takingtheir own safety into consideration, as well as that of others. Anyone who participates in the sport should be aware of the Skier’s Responsibility Code...

• Mammal - biology.

  On land, mammals live in many different habitats, and at a wide range of altitudes. Many mammals dig burrows as refuges or as places to raise their young, but somehave developed a largely subterranean lifestyle, feeding on small animals or plant roots beneath the soil's surface. These animals, including moles and mole-rats, digthrough the ground either with spadelike front paws or with their teeth, and they detect danger by being highly sensitive to vibrations transmitted through the soil.Most m...

• Chou En-lai

• Zhou Enlai, ou Chou En-Lai Homme d'Etat chinois

  222 Zhou Enlai 1 Premier ministre de la République populaire de Chine, Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) a traversé les tourmentes de la politique chinoise sans que jamais sa position soit réelle­ ment menacée. C'est un des plus anciens compagnons de Mao Zedong. Il a joué un rôle primordial dans le Parti communiste chinois depuis 1924, avant de devenir l'un des principaux dirigeants dè Pékin, et, sans doute, le plus éminent responsable de la défini...

• cD8E(pouaLV ii811 xpiia8' op.LAI.CIL ICŒICŒL Les mauvaises fréquentations détruisent les bonnes habitudes Ce vers était déjà extrêmement célèbre dans l'...

  cD8E(pouaLV ii811 xpiia8' op.LAI.CIL ICŒICŒL Les mauvaises fréquentations détruisent les bonnes habitudes Ce vers était déjà extrêmement célèbre dans l' Antiquité, et était généralement attribué à Ménandre (fr. 165 K.-A. ; cf. aussi Monostiques, 808 J.), même si d'autres auteurs l'attribuaient à Euripide (cf. en particulier Socrate de Constantinople, Historia Ecclesiastica, 3, 16, 26; pour d'autres attestations, cf. R. Kannicht, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 5.2, Gottingen, 2004, 990) - peut-ê...

• Zhou Enlai, ou Chou En-Lai Homme d'Etat chinois * 1898 Huai'an (Jiangsu) + 8.1.1976, Pékin Après des études au Japon,...

  Zhou Enlai, ou Chou En-Lai Homme d'Etat chinois * 1898 Huai'an (Jiangsu) + 8.1.1976, Pékin Après des études au Japon, en Allemagne et en France, Zhou Enlai intègre la direction du parti communiste en 1924. Il entre en 1927 au comité central et restera membre du bureau politique de 1928 à sa mort. En 1934-1935, il participe à la Longue Marche aux côtés de Mao Zedong. Pendant la guerre sino-japonaise, membre du front uni de défense formé par le parti communiste chinois et le Guomindang, il joue le...

• Les lais de Marie de France

• Guigemar

  II-MISE EN RELIEF DE L’AMOUR AVEC LA NOTION DE MERVEILLEUX :  Cadre spatio-temporel du conte : Cela débute lors d’une chasse dans une forêt, l’amour naîtra dans un château. Quant aux indices de temps, ils restent non-bornés. On sait seulement que c’est un passé ancien : (Un jour, l’envie …). Le foret, le château ainsi que la temporalité mise en place sont propre au merveilleux  Des personnages idéalisés : Les protagonistes du lai appartiennent à une société artificielle et fig...

• LAIS de Guillaume de Machaut

• Atmosphere.

• fabliau - littérature.

  5 LES PRINCIPAUX FABLIAUX Beaucoup s’accordent à faire remonter le genre au Richeut (anonyme, v. 1159-1170), l’histoire d’une prostituée faisant croire à tous ses anciens amants (un prêtre, un chevalier, un bourgeois) qu’ils sont le père de son fils. D’autres pensent que le premier fabliau est un récit anonyme, la Plantez, datant de la fin du XIIe siècle également. Les fabliaux sont pour la plupart anonymes. Parmi les quelque vingt auteurs qui ont cependant laissé leur nom, Rutebeuf est l...

• ARBRES COMPLICES DANS LES RÉCITS DE TRISTAN ET ISEUT

  106 et, pour finir, la saga dite « islandaise » de Frère Robert 1. Comme on le sait, certains de ces récits sont centrés sur un seul épisode (les deux Folies, le Lai du chèvrefeuille) ou bien nous sont parvenus dans un état plus ou moins lacunaire : le texte de Béroul ne contient que le « milieu » de l’histoire ; celui de Thomas n’est conservé que dans quelques fragments relatant les derniers épisodes ; le roman de Gottfried s’arrête avant le mariage de Tristan avec Iseut aux Blanches Ma...

• Littérature française

• Air - chemistry.

  lighting systems, fertilizers, and semiconductors (substances used to make the chips in computers, calculators, televisions, microwave ovens, and many other electronicdevices). A Oxygen More than half of the oxygen produced in the United States is used by the steel industry, which injects the gas into basic oxygen furnaces to heat and produce steel(see Iron and Steel Manufacture: Basic Oxygen Process ). Metalworkers also combine oxygen with acetylene to produce high-temperature torch flames th...

• X-Ray Astronomy - astronomy.

  Some neutron stars have weaker magnetic fields that allow incoming material to settle onto the entire surface of the neutron star. Eventually, so much material buildsup that the surface layer becomes dense enough to set off a vast thermonuclear explosion, called an outburst. The explosion heats gas to produce X rays. Such aneutron star—called an X-ray burster—can increase its X-ray production by a million times during an outburst. The X-ray glow fades over time, and the binary systementers a lon...

• Telecommunications.

  commonly referred to as wireless communications, use technologies such as cordless telephones, cellular radio telephones, pagers, and satellites. Wirelesscommunications offer increased mobility and flexibility. In the future some experts believe that wireless devices will also offer high-speed Internet access. C Wires and Cables Wires and cables were the original medium for telecommunications and are still the primary means for telephone connections. Wireline transmission evolved fromtelegraph...

• Cancer (medicine).

  unable to repair the DNA damage, p53 instructs the cell to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis , putting a stop to runaway cell division before it starts. Programmed cell death is a normal part of cell life and is tightly controlled by many genes, primarily p53. In a cancerous cell, one or more mutations prevent these genes from doing their jobs. When mutated, p53 allows a cell to continue to divide, even with damaged DNA.This can lead to additional mutations in proto-oncogenes or tumor...

• Indiana - geography.

  Michigan in Michigan. There are about 1,000 small natural lakes in Indiana, chiefly in the northern part of the state. The largest is Lake Wawasee, which covers almost 13 sq km (5 sq mi). Inthe central part of the state there are several lakes that were created behind dams on a number of smaller streams. They include Monroe Lake, near Bloomington; Geistand Eagle Creek reservoirs, northeast and northwest of Indianapolis; and Mississinewa and Huntington reservoirs, north of Marion. C Climate Most...

• Indiana - USA History.

  Michigan in Michigan. There are about 1,000 small natural lakes in Indiana, chiefly in the northern part of the state. The largest is Lake Wawasee, which covers almost 13 sq km (5 sq mi). Inthe central part of the state there are several lakes that were created behind dams on a number of smaller streams. They include Monroe Lake, near Bloomington; Geistand Eagle Creek reservoirs, northeast and northwest of Indianapolis; and Mississinewa and Huntington reservoirs, north of Marion. C Climate Most...