Paris (city, France) - geography.
Publié le 27/05/2013
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and its vibrant public square, frequented by street performers, soon became among the most popular landmarks in the city.
West of the Pompidou Center is Les Halles, the site of the central market of Paris from the 12th century until 1969.
The market was subsequently replaced by the Forum LesHalles, a multilevel underground complex featuring a shopping mall, museums, the Paris film library ( vidéothèque ), and a sports center.
The street level of Les Halles features a garden, the Jardin des Halles, surrounded by pedestrian-only thoroughfares.
The Châtelet-les Halles underground train station, connected to the Forum LesHalles, is a major transportation hub.
B2 Louvre and Place de la Concorde
The Louvre, one of the largest and most famous museums in the world, is located southwest of Les Halles, on the Seine.
Construction of the current building began in 1546,on the site of a much smaller 13th-century fortress and palace.
The kings of France lived here intermittently from 1363 to 1682.
The structure became a public museum in1793.
The Palace of the Tuileries, begun in 1564, stood to the west of what is now the Louvre until 1871, when it was burned by supporters of the Commune of Paris.
TheJardins des Tuileries, the original formal garden of the palace, is now a public park.
The Place de la Concorde, located on the west side of the Jardins des Tuileries, is the most spacious square in Paris.
It was laid out in the mid-18th century by Frencharchitect Jacques Ange Gabriel as a monument to King Louis XV.
Originally called Place Louis XV, it was renamed Place de la Révolution during the French Revolution, whena guillotine was set up in the square for many of the subsequent public executions.
More than 1,000 people were executed here in the 1790s, notably King Louis XVI, QueenMarie-Antoinette, and revolutionary leaders Georges Jacques Danton and Maximilien de Robespierre.
The square received its current name after the revolution.
MuhammadAli, the viceroy of Egypt, gave the Luxor Obelisk that stands in the center of the square to Charles X in 1829.
It was erected in 1836.
The obelisk, which originally stood inthe ancient city of Thebes, dates from the 13th century BC, making it the oldest monument in Paris.
B3 Champs-Élysées and Trocadéro
The Champs-Élysées (meaning “Elysian Fields”) is the most spectacular thoroughfare of Paris, running west from the Place de la Concorde to the Place Charles de Gaulle-Étoile (formerly called the Place de l’Étoile).
All major civic celebrations take place along this broad avenue, including the Bastille Day military parade on July 14.
Moving west from the Place de la Concorde, elegant gardens line the first few blocks of the Champs-Élysées.
The Grand Palais and the Petit Palais, both built for the 1900Universal Exposition (World’s Fair), are located on the south side of the avenue.
Both palaces now house art exhibitions.
North of the gardens lies the one-time aristocraticFaubourg Saint-Honoré neighborhood.
Its most famous building is the Élysée Palace, the residence of the president of France.
At the center of Place Charles de Gaulle-Étoile, at the western end of the Champs-Élysées, stands the 50-m- (164-ft-) tall Arc de Triomphe.
Commissioned by Frenchemperor Napoleon I in 1806 to commemorate his military victories, the monument was completed in 1835.
Beneath the arch is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, in honorof French soldiers killed in World War I (1914-1918).
Twelve avenues radiate from the Place Charles de Gaulle-Étoile, giving it the appearance of a giant star (hence itsoriginal name, Place de l’Étoile).
The layout is the masterpiece of 19th-century urban planner Baron Haussmann.
Southwest of the Arc de Triomphe is the Trocadéro, consisting of the semicircular Palais de Chaillot, built for the 1937 World’s Fair, and its gardens, called the Jardins duTrocadéro.
The Palais de Chaillot now houses the Musée de l’Homme (Museum of Man), the Musée de la Marine (Maritime Museum), the Théâtre National (NationalTheater), the Musée du Cinéma (Museum of Cinema), and the Cinemathèque Française, the French national film archives.
Also located in the vicinity are the Palais Galliera,which houses a museum of fashion, the Musée Guimet, featuring an Asian art collection, and the Musée d’Art Moderne (Museum of Modern Art).
B4 Grands Boulevards
The Grands Boulevards run in a huge semicircle from the Place de la Concorde northeast and then southeast to eastern Paris.
These once fashionable thoroughfares and promenades were laid out by Louis XIV in the 1670s to replace the old city walls.
North from the Place de la Concorde is the church of Sainte Marie Madeleine, commonly known as the Madeleine.
Emperor Napoleon I had the church built in the early 19thcentury in the style of a Greco-Roman temple.
Located to the northeast of the Madeleine is the Palais Garnier, better known as the Opéra, Paris’s main opera house until1989.
The opera house was designed by French architect Charles Garnier and completed in 1875.
The area around the Madeleine and the Opéra is a major commercial area,featuring some of the city’s best-known department stores, as well as many banks and travel agents.
The Grands Boulevards run east from the Place de l’Opéra through the Place de la République to the Place de la Bastille, southeast of the Marais.
The Bastille is a trendyneighborhood, with numerous art galleries, studios, and a busy nightlife.
The French Revolution erupted in this area when a mob stormed the Bastille fortress, which stoodwest of the Place de la Bastille, on July 14, 1789.
Across the square is the new Opéra de la Bastille, inaugurated on July 14, 1989, on the occasion of the bicentennial of theFrench Revolution.
B5 Montmartre and Points East
Located on the northern edge of Paris, Montmartre is the highest hill in the city.
This picturesque neighborhood is popular with tourists.
Countless artists lived in Montmartrein the early 20th century and the area prides itself as the birthplace of modern art.
The Basilica of Sacré Coeur, at the top of the hill, was built between 1875 and 1919.
The neighborhood of La Villette, on the northeastern edge of the city, is centered around the Parc de la Villette, which was built on the site of the city’s main slaughterhouseand livestock market.
The park is a major cultural and entertainment center, featuring a museum of science and industry as well as the Cité de Musique (City of Music),which houses the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique (National Higher Conservatory of Music), the Musée de Musique (Museum of Music), an Imax cinema, anexhibition hall, a pop and jazz music venue, and a theater.
In the southeast, the neighborhood of Bercy lies on the Seine.
It is home to the French Ministry of Finance, a multipurpose sports facility called the Palais Omnisports, andthe Parc de Bercy, built on the site of former wine warehouses.
C Left Bank
The south side of the Seine is called the Left Bank.
The following description of the Left Bank takes an east-west tour along the Seine beginning across from the Île de laCité and then loops around to the southeast.
C1 The Latin Quarter
The area south of the Île de la Cité is known as the Quartier Latin, or the Latin Quarter.
The University of Paris, the oldest university in Europe, emerged in theneighborhood in the early 13th century.
The area is so named because Latin was the official language of learning until 1789.
Several colleges belonging to theuniversity—the most famous being the Sorbonne—were located throughout the neighborhood for centuries.
The University of Paris was restructured and decentralized in1968 ( see Universities of Paris), and most of its students no longer study in the Latin Quarter.
However, the Sorbonne and the Law Faculty are still located there, as is the prestigious École Normale Supérieure, an independent institution of higher education founded in 1794.
The oldest university building still standing in the Latin Quarter is the.
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