Popular Music I INTRODUCTION Satchmo Sings "Back O' Town Blues" One of the founders of instrumental jazz music, American Louis Armstrong, known as Satchmo, also profoundly influenced vocal jazz and popular song. With a gravelly, natural voice, Armstrong used highly original phrasings, intentionally singing either slightly ahead of or behind the beat. In this 1965 performance, Armstrong sings "Back O' Town Blues." BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc./"Back O'Town Blues" Words and Music by Louis Armstrong & Luis Russell © 1946 (Renewed) by Louis Armstrong Music Publ. Co., Inc. (ASCAP). All rights o/b/o Louis Armstrong Music Publ. Co., Inc. administered 100% Worldwide by Music Sales Corporation (ASCAP). All Rights Reserved. International Copyright Secured. Early Rock and Roll: Elvis Presley In the late 1950s rock and roll swept through the United States and Europe, starting a revolution in popular music which continues to the present. Elvis Presley, whose songs fused country and western music with rhythm and blues, was one of the first musicians to achieve widespread popularity with the new music. "Heartbreak Hotel," recorded in January 1956, was one of Presley's most successful early songs. The Everett Collection, Inc./"Heartbreak Hotel" performed by Elvis Presley, from The King of Rock and Roll (Cat.# RCA 07863) (c) Tree Publishing Company (p)1992 BMG Music. All rights reserved. Popular Music, music produced for and sold to a broad audience. Types of popular music include jazz, music from motion pictures and musical comedies, country-andwestern music, rhythm-and-blues music (R&B), rock music, and rap (or hip-hop). Shaped by social, economic, and technological forces, popular music is closely linked to the social identity of its performers and audiences. Early musical styles were also very influential in shaping popular music. II DEVELOPMENT IN AMERICA The most popular songs in America during the late 18th century, as judged by reported sales of printed music, were written by professional English composers for performance in London parks (known as pleasure gardens) or for performance in English ballad and comic opera. The songs often had pastoral themes, were amorous in content, contained ethnic stereotypes, and included Irish and Scottish lyrics and melodies. By the early 19th century, Italian opera had also become popular in the United States. Songs by Italian composers such as Gioacchino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, and Gaetano Donizetti were published as sheet music. In addition, the Italian bel canto style of singing--light, clear, and intimate--was to have an influence on the development of the soft, sentimental type of singing known as crooning that became popular in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Distinctive American styles of popular music emerged in the mid-19th century. Minstrel shows--performances in which white entertainers dressed in blackface and acted out crude parodies of African American behavior--were the dominant form of popular entertainment in the 19th century. The minstrel theater had a strong impact on the development of popular music in the United States. American performer Thomas Dartmouth Rice demonstrated the profitability of minstrel music with his song "Jim Crow" (1829), which was the first American song to become an international hit. Many minstrel songs were successful in sheet music form, and they became a dominant force in the development of 19th-century American popular song. Stephen Collins Foster, who wrote more than 200 songs during the mid-19th century, was the first important composer of American popular song. His best-known songs include "Oh! Susanna" (1848), "Old Folks at Home" (1851), "My Old Kentucky Home" (1853), "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" (1854), and "Beautiful Dreamer" (1864). Foster was a master at creating simple, compelling combinations of melody and text that subsequent popular composers would refer to as hooks (expressing the idea that the music "hooks" the listener's ear). III EARLY 20TH CENTURY Although sound recording was independently invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison in the United States and by Charles Cros in France, the primary means of disseminating popular music until the 1920s remained printed sheet music. By the late 19th century, the music-publishing business was centralized in New York City, particularly in an area of lower Manhattan called Tin Pan Alley. "After the Ball" (1892) by Charles K. Harris, the first popular song to sell 1 million copies--in this case, of sheet music--inspired rapid growth in the music-publishing industry. Composers were hired to rapidly produce popular songs by the dozens, and the techniques of Foster and the pleasure-garden composers were further developed. Songs had to be simple, memorable, and emotionally appealing to sell to large audiences. Vaudeville had replaced minstrel shows as the dominant live-entertainment medium, and singers such as Al Jolson and Sophie Tucker promoted Tin Pan Alley songs on crosscountry tours. Ragtime pieces written by professional composers such as Scott Joplin represented another stage in the influence of African American music on mainstream popular music. The golden age of Tin Pan Alley occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. The best-known songs of this period were produced by a small group of composers and lyricists based in New York City. In most cases, composers and lyricists worked in pairs: George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart and beginning in 1943, Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Tin Pan Alley songs were popularized in Broadway musical comedies, the successor to vaudeville, and by popular singers accompanied by dance orchestras. George Gershwin American pianist, songwriter, and composer George Gershwin became one of the most important figures in popular song. By incorporating elements of jazz music into his songwriting, Gershwin was able to attain a high degree of artistic expression in the demanding, production-oriented songwriting profession of the 1920s and 1930s. Many of his songs, such as "Fascinating Rhythm" (1924) and "I Got Rhythm" (1930), became standard improvisation vehicles for jazz musicians, while the chord progressions and verse structure of his songs have been widely imitated by other songwriters. Globe Photos, Inc. Important technological changes also occurred during this period, including the rapid spread of commercial radio (introduced in 1922). The development of more affordable and better-quality gramophone discs made recordings more popular than sheet music in sales, and the introduction of amplification and electric recording led to the development of crooning, the intimate vocal style perfected by singers such as Bing Crosby and, later, Frank Sinatra. By the mid-1920s, almost 100 million records were produced each year in the United States. Muddy Waters Muddy Waters was one of the most popular and influential bluesmen in the history of the genre. A native of rural Mississippi, Waters epitomized the transition from the acoustic blues tradition to the louder urban style made famous in the 1950s in Chicago, Illinois. One of his signature tunes was the powerful "Hoochie Coochie Man" (1954). "Hoochie Coochie Man" by Willie Dixon, published by Hoochie Coochie Music, (BMI) administered by Bug Music, Inc., performed by Muddy Waters, from the compilation, Planete Blues (Cat# Declic 172037 CD1; licensed from Universal Music, Chess) (p)1954 Chess Recordings. All rights reserved./Frank Driggs/Archive Photos The music industry also became interested in other types of music during this period, most importantly "race records" and "hillbilly" music, the precursors of rhythmand-blues and country-and-western music. Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Robert Johnson, the Carter family, Jimmie Rodgers, and other influential Southern musicians recorded during the 1920s and 1930s. The African American influence on mainstream popular music became stronger during the Jazz Age, which preceded the Great Depression of the 1930s. The dominant type of popular music from 1935 to 1945 was big band swing (see Jazz: The Big Band Era), a style modeled on the innovations of black jazz orchestras. In 1935 Benny Goodman sparked the popularity of the style with his band's recordings of arrangements by Fletcher Henderson, an African American bandleader whose success had been limited by racial segregation. The big band era ended after World War II (1939-1945), when pop singers became more popular than bandleaders, although the influence of swing music could still be heard in "jump band" rhythm and blues and western swing music. Honky Tonk: George Jones The development of honky-tonk music after World War II by musicians in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana marked the beginning of modern country music. The expression "honky tonk" refers to the taverns and beer halls that appeared on the outskirts of Texas oil boomtowns during the Prohibition years (1920-1933). Honky-tonk music is a type of country blues featuring electric guitar, electric pedal steel guitar, bass, and drums. The songs, such as this George Jones composition, reflect the hardships of city life and the breakdown of family, tradition, and religious beliefs. Wally McNamee/Woodfin Camp and Associates, Inc./"She's Lonesome Again" from George Jones: Live at Dancetown USA (Cat.# Ace CDCHM 156) (c) Glad Music Ltd. (p)1985 Glad Music Company. All rights reserved. Important shifts in popular music after World War II were tied to social and technological changes. The massive migration of Southern musicians and audiences to urban areas and the introduction of the electric guitar were particularly influential. These changes set the stage for the hard-edged Chicago blues of Muddy Waters; the honky-tonk, or "hard-country," style of Hank Williams; and, in the mid-1950s, the rise of rock-and-roll music. IV 1950S AND 1960S Beatlemania BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc. Rock and roll (or rock 'n' roll) grew out of the intermingling of several streams of postwar popular music, including "jump band" rhythm and blues, the recordings of blues "shouters" such as Big Joe Turner, gospel-based vocal styles (see Gospel Music), boogie-woogie piano blues, and honky-tonk music. Promoted by entrepreneurs such as Alan Freed--the first to use the term 'rock 'n' roll' to describe this category of music--and recorded by small independent labels, rock and roll was an unexpected success among a newly affluent teenage audience. The pioneers of rock and roll came from varied backgrounds. Bill Haley, whose "Rock Around the Clock" (1955) was the first rock song to gain wide popularity, was a country-and-western bandleader from Pennsylvania; Fats Domino had already been playing New Orleans-style rhythm and blues for a decade; Chuck Berry was a hairdresser in St. Louis, Missouri; and Elvis Presley was a Memphis, Tennessee, truck driver. The market was fueled by mainstream versions of rhythm-and-blues songs performed by white crooners such as Pat Boone. Early Rock and Roll: Little Richard Little Richard was one of the most prominent performers of early rock and roll. In the mid-1950s, with his hair extended about six inches from his forehead, thick mascara around his eyes, and outrageous jackets, Little Richard represented the spirit of rebellion that lay at the core of rock and roll's popularity among the American youth of the time. In 1955 Little Richard recorded his first hit, "Tutti Frutti," which employed an African American tradition of wordplay and which set the standard for his subsequent songs, including "Good Golly Miss Molly" (1958). The Everett Collection, Inc./"Good Golly Miss Molly" performed by Little Richard, from The Specialty Sessions (Cat.# Specialty SPCD-8508-2) (c) Jondora Music (BMI), Robin Hood Music, and Third Story Music. (p)1958 Specialty Records, Inc., 1992 Fantasy Records. All rights reserved. The peak period of rock and roll--defined by the exuberant recordings of Haley, Berry, Domino, Presley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Buddy Holly--lasted from 1954 to 1959. The most successful artists wrote and performed songs about love, sexuality, identity crises, personal freedom, and other issues that were of particular interest to teenagers. Soul Singer Otis Redding Greatly influenced by Little Richard, one of the pioneers of rock and roll in the 1950s, 1960s soul singer Otis Redding has been hailed as the "monarch of soul." Redding's brand of soul tamed 1950s-style rhythm and blues by bringing back the brooding, slow-building groove of rural southern blues. Redding was poised for international superstardom when his career was cut short by a fatal plane crash in 1967. This recording is a gospel-inspired rendition of "Respect," which would later be recorded by soul singer Aretha Franklin. Frank Driggs Collection/Archive Photos/"Respect" performed by Otis Redding, from Remember Me (Cat.# Stax SCD-8572-2) (c) Irving Music (p)1992 Fantasy, Inc. All rights reserved. By the early 1960s most of what the music industry promoted as rock and roll was an imitation of the original form. Songs were now being written by professional composers, recorded with accompaniment by session musicians (professional musicians who perform principally on recordings), and sung by teenage crooners such as Fabian and Dion. Some of the techniques of Tin Pan Alley--particularly the idea of teaming lyricists with professional melody writers--were utilized in the 1960s by New York City songwriters such as Carole King and by the young entrepreneur Berry Gordy, based in Detroit, Michigan, whose Motown Records produced a string of hit records. The early 1960s also saw the development of distinctive regional styles in the United States, such as the sound of the southern California band the Beach Boys; the Greenwich Village urban folk movement that included Bob Dylan, the Kingston Trio, and Peter, Paul, and Mary; and the rough sound of Northwest groups such as the Sonics. The Beatles One of the most famous ensembles of the rock-and-roll era, the Beatles greatly influenced the culture and music of the 1960s and beyond. The band began to take shape in Liverpool, England, in 1957, when John Lennon invited Paul McCartney to join his band the Quarry Men. Within a year George Harrison had been added to the group. In 1960 the band took the name the Beatles, and Ringo Starr signed on as the drummer in 1962. The Beatles stayed together until 1970, creating a sophisticated and varied sound that fans continue to enjoy. This picture was taken in 1963. Rex Features, Ltd. The so-called British Invasion began in 1964 with the arrival of the Beatles in New York City. British pop bands, raised on the influences of blues, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll, invigorated mainstream popular music, in part by reemphasizing long-standing aspects of American music. Each group developed a distinctive style: the Beatles combined Chuck Berry's guitar-based rock and roll with the craftwork of Tin Pan Alley composers; the Animals worked out a mixture of blues and rhythm-andblues influences and produced a hit with an old Anglo-American ballad, "House of the Rising Sun" (1964); and the Rolling Stones incorporated aspects of Chicago urban blues into their distinctive, driving sound. Frank Zappa Guitarist and composer Frank Zappa was primarily a rock musician, though certainly one of the most eclectic figures in the history of the genre. Influenced by modern classical music and American rhythm and blues, he experimented with electronic sounds and recording techniques, fusing jazz improvisation with rock music backing and classical music structure. Much of Zappa's music is intended as social commentary; he is known for his biting musical satires of classic rock-and-roll songs. Star File The late 1960s was a period of corporate expansion and stylistic diversification in the American record industry. A new youth-oriented popular market was defined by a broad category of rock music that included the influential studio experiments of the Beatles, San Francisco psychedelia, guitar heroes such as Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton, Southern rock, hard rock, jazz rock, folk rock, and other styles. Soul music, the successor to rhythm-and-blues music, covered a wide range of styles, including the gospel-based performances of Aretha Franklin, the deep funk and virtuosic stage techniques of James Brown, and the soulful crooning of Marvin Gaye. Country-andwestern music--now firmly centered in Nashville, Tennessee--had a new generation of stars who combined elements of old country-and-western-music standards with rock and roll and mainstream popular song. Country singers Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, and Dolly Parton helped contribute to the rising popularity of country-andwestern music. V 1970S TO 1990S David Bowie Born David Jones in London in 1947, David Bowie became a multitalented artist and performer who has recorded more than 24 albums in his career. "Changes," from the album Hunky Dory, was released in 1972, the year Bowie first toured the United States. Musically, he synthesized elements of 1960s rock with the evolving genre of art-rock. His theatrical performances featured unconventional images and avant-garde staging, which gained him tremendous popularity throughout the 1970s and established him as one of the world's premiere rock stars. Bowie's The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, released in 1972, was one of the first concept albums (a format in which each song contributes to a central theme). "Changes" performed by David Bowie, from Changesbowie (Cat.# Rykodisc RCD 20171) (p)1990 Rykodisc. Used by permission of Screen Gems-EMI Music Inc. and Chrysalis Songs. All rights reserved./UPI/THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE In the 1970s the music industry further consolidated its power and once again sought to mass-produce music styles that had originally been highly individualistic. Corporate rock, the singer-songwriter genre, and slick varieties of soul and country-and-western music featuring glamorous superstars playing to massive crowds in sports arenas defined a new mainstream. Although a number of distinctive styles--disco, glam rock, punk rock, new wave, reggae, and funk--were pioneered by independent labels and marginalized musicians, the music of the 1970s is generally viewed as less individualized. The music industry became cautious due to a drop in sales of recorded music by almost $1 billion between 1978 and 1982 and a similarly precipitous decline in income from live concerts. Quincy Jones American music executive Quincy Jones became one of the most commercially successful producers in popular music. Beginning as a jazz trumpeter and composer in the 1950s, Jones has written and produced dozens of hit songs for a range of performers, including American singers Michael Jackson and Frank Sinatra. The 1982 Jackson album Thriller, produced by Jones, is the biggest selling album in the history of popular music. The Everett Collection, Inc. A number of factors contributed to an economic revival in the music industry during the mid-1980s. The advent of the music video--marked by the debut in 1981 of Music Television (MTV), a 24-hour music video channel--and the introduction of the digitally recorded compact disc (see Sound Recording and Reproduction) in 1983 stimulated demand for popular music. The Album Thriller (1982) by Michael Jackson became the biggest-selling record in history up to that time, and it established a pattern by which record companies relied upon a few big hits to generate profits. The other big hits of the 1980s came from a new set of charismatic personalities, each of whom appealed to mass audiences by extending across traditional social boundaries. Popular musicians of this period include Bruce Springsteen, the working-class bar-band hero; Prince, whose 1984 single "When Doves Cry" was the first song in more than 20 years to top both the mainstream pop charts and the black music charts; and Madonna, the ambitious performer from a working-class background who remade herself as a pop icon. Sting in Concert As the bass player and lead singer for the Police, a popular rock group of the late 1970s and early 1980s, Sting became known for his distinctive, penetrating voice, his simple yet profound lyrics, and his striking, punkish appearance. Embarking on a solo career in the 1980s, he formed the Blue Turtles, a band of leading jazz musicians. His songs during this period combined influences from American rock music, rhythm and blues, jazz, and such international styles as Jamaican reggae. Getty Images During the 1980s rap music entered into the popular mainstream. Pioneered by young African Americans in New York City in the late 1970s, rap combined longstanding black verbal traditions such as toasting (speaking over music) with the creative recycling of prerecorded material, later known as sampling. Although early rappers such as Afrika Bambaataa and Kool Herc were based in the borough of the Bronx, the first indication of the genre's broader commercial potential was the single "Rapper's Delight" (1979), recorded by the Harlem-based Sugarhill Gang. Rap artists such as Grandmaster Flash ("The Message," 1982) and Public Enemy (It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, 1988) became popular while describing in stark terms the way of life in America's minority-dominated inner cities. In 1986 Run-DMC and the Beastie Boys released the first multimillion-selling rap albums, featuring a mixture of rap and the guitar-based hard-rock music of bands such as Aerosmith and Led Zeppelin. MTV's first show dedicated entirely to rap launched in 1988, and in 1990 pop rappers MC Hammer and Vanilla Ice set new sales records for the genre. Nirvana Nirvana popularized Seattle's "grunge" music scene and sparked a revival among the smaller, independent-label record companies in the music industry. Nirvana's album Nevermind (1991) expressed an antiestablishment attitude that resonated with so-called Generation X and paved the way for other alternative rock bands. The group broke up after front man Kurt Cobain's suicide in 1994. Nirvana was comprised of, left to right, Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic. The Everett Collection, Inc. By the end of the 20th century it had become almost impossible to discern the difference between the center and the periphery of American popular music. For one thing, the most economically successful popular music no longer featured a common ingredient or style. The best-selling recording artists of the 1990s included the adult-contemporary diva Mariah Carey, country-music superstar Garth Brooks, R&B vocal quartet Boyz II Men, "gangsta" rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg, venerable heavymetal band Metallica, punk-influenced rock bands such as Nirvana and Red Hot Chili Peppers, teeny-bopper artists such as Britney Spears and *NSYNC, introspective singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette, and hugely popular soundtrack albums such as The Bodyguard (1993) and Titanic (1996). Older rock stars such as Carlos Santana, Elton John, and Aerosmith also scored big hits, and one of the biggest singles of the decade was a Latin novelty number called "Macarena," a direct descendant of exotic dance records reaching back to the 1920s. Britney Spears Pop star Britney Spears became a teen sensation with her debut album ...Baby One More Time (1999), which sold more than 10 million copies. The Louisiana native also found success with her follow-up efforts, Oops!...I Did It Again (2000) and Britney (2001), but she has been criticized by some for her sexually provocative image. Hector Mata/AFP The question of musical authenticity became a major issue for fans, musicians, and record companies during the 1990s. Hardcore gangsta rap artists such as Dr. Dre, Tupac Shakur, and Sean "Puffy" Combs, who defined themselves in part by their "street" roots and opposition to mainstream popular taste, were among the biggest pop stars of the 1990s. Techno, a form of electronic dance music which had emerged in the wake of disco's collapse, had by the mid-1990s splintered into dozens of specialized subcategories, including jungle, 'ardcore, trance, acid jazz, and ambient. Although most fans of techno regarded it as a fiercely noncommercial music, tracks from techno albums had begun to appear regularly in American television advertisements by the end of the 1990s. The huge commercial success of grunge, a hardedged rock style with a nonconforming image that became popular in the early 1990s, is another example of this complex relationship between alternative and mainstream musicians, fans, and markets. VI CURRENT TRENDS Beyoncé Soul singer Beyoncé Knowles collected five Grammy Awards in 2004, tying a record for a female artist. Knowles was part of the group Destiny's Child before launching a solo career with the album Dangerously in Love in 2003. Corbis Another important development at the close of the 20th century was the influence of digital technologies, including storage media such as recordable compact discs and DVDs (Digital Video Discs); the Internet; and MP3 compression, which allows sound files to be compressed to less than 10 percent of their original size. The transformation of musical sound into digital files allowed music to be transmitted, reproduced, and manipulated in a virtual form, easily passing from one computer to another in a different part of the world in just minutes (or seconds). This has raised legal and technological questions which will no doubt shape the course of American popular music for years to come: What kind of rights does a consumer purchase when they buy a copy of a recording? What does it mean when a consumer licenses the right to download and use the contents of an album, rather than buying a physical copy of it? How will the transformation of music into pure information affect musicians and how they are compensated? What will the music industry of tomorrow look like? Jay-Z Rapper Jay-Z rose to popularity with such albums as Vol. 2...Hard Knock Life (1998), The Blueprint (2001), and The Black Album (2003). He won two Grammy Awards in 2004 for the song "Crazy in Love," recorded with soul singer Beyoncé Knowles. Gregorio Binuya/Getty Images Although there have been significant changes in the technology and styles associated with popular music, some aspects have changed relatively little. The long-standing struggle between the tendency of the music industry to categorize and homogenize music and the stylistic diversity of artists is still part of the popular music world of today. While the mainstream music industry establishes stars, reproduces and distributes music, and pursues the highest sales and profits possible, there is also a lesspublicized part of the music world that includes entrepreneurs who run independent labels and musicians who create new styles. A select number of these marginal figures are then picked up by the mainstream industry and promoted to a mass audience. The Dixie Chicks With distinctive vocals and an up-tempo sound, the Dixie Chicks had become one of the most popular country music groups by the late 1990s. The group--consisting of, left to right, Emily Robison, Natalie Maines, and Martie Maguire--created a stir in 2003 when one member said she was ashamed to come from the same state as President George W. Bush. The group triumphed in 2007 by winning seven Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year for Taking the Long Way. Fred Prouser/Reuters/Archive Photos Although music styles, recording stars, and hit songs change constantly, strong continuities remain within American popular music. Most American popular music still draws upon elements of popular song forms and the smooth, romantic vocal style of 1920s Tin Pan Alley; the strong grooves, backbeats, call-and-response textures, and emotional intensity of African American music; and the poetic themes and ballad forms of Anglo-American music. The identification of musical styles with complex patterns of social identity--age, race, and class--also continues to shape American musical tastes. VII WORLD POPULAR MUSIC Umm Kulthum Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum was revered throughout Egypt, North Africa, and the Near East for her powerful voice and improvisational skill. She recorded more than 300 songs during her lifetime. This clip is from Kulthum's first film, Widad (1936). Her name has been transliterated many different ways. "Lehy ya zaman kana hawaya (O time, why my love)" composed by Ahmed Rami and Mohammed Kassabgi, performed by Oum Kalthoum, from Oum Kalthoum, Tichouf Oumori (Cat.# Buda 82914-2) (p) Buda. All rights reserved./Bettmann/Corbis World popular music is a broad category that includes many different urban-centered, mass-reproduced, and stylistically heterogeneous styles and types. A small sampling of these genres include bhangara, a form of dance club music pioneered by Pakistani musicians in London, England; African guitar-band music, performed in Africa, New York City, and Paris, France; the theme songs of romantic and martial arts films produced in Asia; and the recordings of contemporary musicians from Bulgaria, which blend American jazz and rock with traditional wedding music. The relatively recent discovery of non-Western styles by popular Western musicians such as David Byrne, Peter Gabriel, and Paul Simon might leave the impression that urban-centered, mass-reproduced popular music outside of Western culture is a new phenomenon. In fact, the recording industry was active in Asia and Latin America before the 20th century, and local popular styles were commercially recorded in Africa by the 1920s. Popular Juju Music of Nigeria Since the mid-1960s, juju has established itself as the most popular contemporary music form in Nigeria. It also has developed a strong following in Europe and North America. Juju blends Western instruments with elements of traditional religious and secular music culture. This example is by juju pioneer I. K. Dairo. "F'eso J'aiye" (I. K. Dairo) Owl's Head Publishing Co. (BMI) from I Remember: I. K. Dairo (Cat.# Music of the World C-212) (p)1991 Music of the World, Ltd. All rights reserved./Photo Ter beschikking gesteld door artist/© 1991 Music of the World Ltd. Although the influence of American popular music, supported by the multibillion-dollar transnational music industry, has in some cases contributed to the decline of traditional musics, there is also a rich history of cross-fertilization between popular styles. In the late 19th century the Cuban habanera influenced the development of American ragtime; the Argentine tango gained worldwide popularity during the 1910s, initiating a craze for Latin ballroom dancing in Paris, London, and New York City; recordings of Hawaiian guitar music, country-and-western music, and ballroom dance orchestras arrived in the port towns of Africa by the 1920s; and the Cuban rumba became popular around the world in the 1930s. In many cases the inclusion of imported elements in American popular music has been linked with stereotypes of the exotic. For example, many ballroom dance orchestras in the 1920s performed "Oriental foxtrots," arrangements that owed more to Latin American music than to Asian music. Today the global music industry is dominated by a small number of transnational entertainment corporations, with offices and agents in major cities around the world. One of the most popular forms of music internationally is Indian film music, which is produced in studios in New Delhi and Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and is popular in the Middle East and Africa as well as in Asia. The late Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum, whose recording career began in the 1920s, is still popular throughout the Arabicspeaking world. African popular music includes a number of distinctive regional styles, including the juju music of Nigerian bandleader King Sunny Ade; central African soukous, a blend of indigenous songs and dance rhythms with Afro-Cuban music; and South African isicathamiya, the Zulu choral singing style performed by Ladysmith Black Mambazo. The rich variety of popular music found throughout the world continually provides the global music industry with new music trends. Contributed By: Chris Waterman Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
