l immigration

? EXPOSE on EMIGRATION Plane I. INTRODUCTION II. THE CAUSES of IMMIGRATION IN SENEGAL III. MIGRATORY ITINERAIRES IV. THE CONSEQUENCES of IMMIGRATION IN SENEGAL Conclusion V. Exhibitor MARIAMA COLY NICOLA NDIAYE MADELEINE DIAMANKA NDOYE CATY introduction Immigration refers to the entry of foreign persons into a particular country or geographical area who come here for a long stay or to settle there. The word immigration comes from the Latin in-migrare which means "going back to a place." It corresponds, from the side of the country of departure, to emigration. On the margins of this phenomenon exists that of dual nationality and nomadism1. The notion of immigrants is based on declarations of place of birth and nationality. I-The causes of immigration to Senegal Several factors are generally cited as causing migration in general. In urban areas, increased underemployment, increased poverty, widespread unemployment, precariousness and low labour pay are factors that exacerbate emigration. Widespread degradation of living conditions in rural areas is itself a repellent factor that drives most young people to leave. The agricultural crisis due to low rainfall, drought, lack of high-performing agricultural equipment, low agricultural labour productivity, higher fertilizer prices and depreciation of raw materials (peanuts, cotton) leaves no opportunity for young people to flourish. In addition, the inadequacy of school education in the world of work and the failure of school encourage many young graduates and unemployed to leave. For skilled workers (engineers, doctors, midwives, teachers, etc.), low wages are pushing them to move abroad in search of better living conditions.In all interviews [5], illegal migrants constantly cite the impossibility of finding a job and the absence of any prospect of employment as the first factors that drive them to leave. Without a future, young people feel like they are slowly dying in their country. Emigrating is an alternative to the situation their country offers them. Emigration is first experienced as a refusal to devalue their human being set and a revolt in the face of decay. From this perspective, emigrating becomes an individual quest and an affirmation of oneself.The unease felt by young people has increased over the past number of years as a result of significant changes in most African societies and families. The increasing urbanization and its corollary, which is the rise of individualism, lead to the need to take charge of themselves in a society that is still in crisis. Migration sets to be an important element for salvation. In families, solidarity mechanisms are weakening every day as the economic crisis deepens and poverty has increased. The image of the unemployed young man who went to bed and woke up late, who was guaranteed to eat his daily meals, who drank his tea quietly all day long while listening to music, tends to gradually disappear. The eyes of others weigh more and more on the young unemployed and forced him out of the house. This look becomes inquisitive in polygamous families where rivalry between half-brothers is the rule. The departure of half a brother to Europe is reason enough to do the same. It is against a background of rivalry between co-wives that mothers families encourage their children to emigrate. They often help finance their journey to Spain and beyond.The discrepancy between the daily experience of potential migrants and the image they forge of Spain creates a "migration imagination" that in turn fuels the desire to leave. In the discourse of illegal migrants, there is a very strong "envy" of the "dream of Europe". As one young émigré who was repatriated from Spain in 2006 summed it up: "In Senegal it is misery and Spain is Paradise" [6]. Migrants believe that success is at the end of the journey and that the end justifies the means. Faced with what they see as the archaism of their own society, young people see Europe as an eldorado. This perception is fuelled by televisions that present European countries through images of wealth, freedom and happiness.The choice and decision to leave candidates for illegal emigration are also influenced by the image that emigrants on holiday in the country propagate. Returning emigrants are seen as models of success. They drive in beautiful cars, own the largest houses in some rural communities. They display material goods acquired in Spain. In the eyes of the young people who remained in the country, those who left succeeded very quickly. Success means building your own house, getting married with a big ceremony, funding the pilgrimage to mecca from your parents and driving in big cars. These outward signs of wealth are leading more and more young people to want to move abroad to earn money and imitate these emigrants. In the original societies, there is a strong consideration for emigrants. Many families who live decently have emigrants among their members. And that has a very important impact on people's mindset. Many young people think they need to go to Europe to succeed in life. From this perspective, for most young people, the end justifies the means. One young man confided: "By embarking on illegal migration, I have a 50% chance of dying in the desert or in the ocean and 50% of achieving my goal. But by staying in the country, I am almost 100% sure I will die slowly.In addition to out-of-school or unemployed young people, low-income workers such as craftsmen and small informal traders are also candidates for illegal emigration. The difficulty of living with meagre resources drives many young workers to emigrate. In fact, given the amount of money invested throughout the migration process, one may question whether those who choose the sea route are the poorest. On the contrary, they already have close to $1,000 to embark on an adventure, which implies the existence of savings.The reminder of the main factors determining migration in general does not explain why illegal migration has become the rule today and why it has become massified. In this respect, elements related to the globalization of the economy play a leading role. II-Migration routes Illegal emigration from West Africans to Spain has generally taken two main routes: the mixed land-sea route and the maritime route.The first illegal emigrants first tried to cross the Spanish-Moroccan border, after a long crossing of the desert roads. Others were boarding from Mauritania. These northern departure points favoured by candidates for illegal emigration have been virtually neutralized by the surveillance system put in place by the Spanish authorities in collaboration with the Moroccan and Mauritanian authorities [ It's not like I'm going toAfter coastal patrols were set up, migrants returned to less-monitored beaches, such as Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Conakry and Guinea Bissau. The West African coasts, and the Senegalese coasts in particular, have thus become the starting points for many candidates for illegal emigration to Europe. They embarked [12] in large canoes bound for the Canary Islands located some 1,500 kilometers from the southern coast of Senegal.There are several land routes to Europe. They are characterized by complexity and lack of linearity. They end up either in Italy (Islands of Lampedusa) or Spain (Canary Islands). The central axis leads to Agadez, Tamanrasset and Sebha and usually ends up in Libya to try to reach Italy or return to Algeria before returning to Morocco. The ring road passes through Mauritania and crosses the Sahara to reach Morocco for those who want to reach Spain.Illegal migration is based on a vast human traffic network with departure, transit and arrival sites. Land, sea and air routes are used by illegal migrants and very often there is a combination of two or even three of these means, involving the railway. Routes are not fixed and vary constantly depending on the circumstances. From the central axis one can fall back on the peripheral axis or vice versa, depending on the opportunities of passage that arise over the course of meetings and routes Map 1: Migration between the two shores of the Sahara Sources: IRD/CNRS, 2005 By chance of geography, Mauritania became one of the main transit centres for West African illegal migrants to the Canary Islands, 800 km from its coast, in the late 1990s. Since 2006, Mauritania, with the help of the European Union, has been strengthening control of its coasts. Once again, other alternatives were found by smugglers with the exploitation of the Senegalese, Gambian and Cape Verdean coasts further away from Spain. The journey is long and perilous from St. Louis (7 to 10 days at sea), hence the high frequency of shipwrecks of frail boats, equipped only with GPS and devoid of any safety system. The journey takes place on canoes commonly known as samba laakhara in pulaar, i.e. "samba that goes to the afterlife" or locco in Wolof because of their precariousness and the risks incurred by those who use this mode of transport. Map 2: The new channels to Europe This new route directly from the West African coast to the Spanish Canary Islands is certainly more direct, but carries greater risks. Unlike the land route punctuated by more or less long stops, illegal migration by dugout is linear and migrants are therefore more exposed to coastal patrols. After the start, the motto is "Barça or Barsakh". The medium term does not exist as in the context of land routes, where migrants can adjust their strategies according to the difficulties encountered along the way.The main migration routes offer no security to migrants. Desert roads are as perilous as sea routes. Despite this, thousands of migrants have managed in recent years to reach the Spanish coast and find work in Spain. III-The consequences of migration to Senegal The consequences of migration are sufficiently documented. The economic, political and social impact of the recent wave of illegal migration remains to be assessed. This migration has the particularity to escape any form of planning, even if it is organized by criminal networks. They are trying to meet the existing demand for travel in the market. Any candidate for emigration, regardless of occupation, background, gender, can be taken over by these networks, in return for cash payment of the price of the trip.The mass departure of young people can hinder the development process of a terroir or a locality. This is all the more striking because it is the most enterprising assets who attempt the adventure. The case of the St. Louis region illustrates the economic and social consequences of the recent wave of illegal migration. It has led to the depopulation of some communities in their young labour force. At one point, due to a lack of players, some villages were unable to organize the traditional football competition (navétanes) during the period of the major school holidays which coincides with the wintering period. One can imagine the lack of manpower needed to support agricultural work. The mobilization of canoes to animate the migration and the departure of young fishermen have accentuated the scarcity of fish in the markets of St. Louis, which is nevertheless a large port of artisanal fishing.Illegal migration has another hidden side. Many families suffer from the disappearance in dramatic conditions of one or more of their own in the Sahara Desert or the Atlantic Ocean. In particular, mothers suffer and will always suffer from the disappearance of their children. Some of them admit to imagining that their children are among those who committed suicide in the open sea and were eaten by sharks. They retain for the rest of their lives this feeling of guilt about their inability to restrain their child who simply wanted a better life. This feeling of guilt is all the stronger because these mothers think that their child wanted to help them, especially in polygamous families.In addition, many illegal immigrants repatriated from Spain are completely distraught. They suffer from the trauma of sea travel and deportation, which often took place in humiliating conditions. They also feel ashamed that they have failed to return to Spain like others who live in their neighbourhood. This category of returnees from Spain has generally failed to readjust to social life. It is preparing another attempt to return to Spain, despite the real risks involved, even if the option of the dugout seems to be challenged by the largest number of them.In the opinion, among migrant candidates, families and authorities, there is often a strong fixation on migrants who have managed to reach Spain and find work. This focus fuels ambiguous attitudes on the part of the state and families regarding the management of illegal migration.The state perceives emigration as a phenomenon that can contribute to political stability. It reduces the number of unemployed people thus promoting social peace. While cash shipments are a financial windfall that can ensure the survival of families and, to a lesser extent, boost local development. Families, on the other hand, persist in their attitude of support for their migrant candidates despite all the known risks.Only a tiny fraction of returnees from Spain managed to mourn the emigration. The suffering endured during the boat trip and during the repatriation by the Spanish authorities facilitated a kind of demystification of emigration. The strong disillusionment resulting from the failure of the attempt to reach Spain has fostered a kind of awareness of the need to fight to integrate socially and economically into one's own society. Some of these former emigrants have created associations to inform young people in their neighbourhoods of the dangers of illegal emigration and the myth built around migration in Europe. Conclusion The ambivalence of actors in the face of the phenomenon of illegal migration explains, in part, the limits of alternative policies. There are community-based initiatives to raise awareness among young people about the dangers of illegal migration. However, they are very limited, and for lack of means, the message carries little. Young people are often aware of the dangers they face in engaging in illegal migration, but in the face of the hope, however low, of achieving their goal, all risks seem to be permissible. All awareness must be accompanied by concrete actions on behalf of young people [13].