KOLLWITZ, KATHE

KOLLWITZ, KATHE, ne´e Schmidt (1867–1945), sculptor and graphic artist; her empathetic work made her one of the century's best-known women* artists. Born in Ko¨nigsberg, she was inspired by a socialist-Christian upbringing. She moved to Berlin* in 1885 to study at Karl Stauffer-Bern's School for Women Artists and pursued similar studies in Munich during 1888–1889. After marrying the physician Karl Kollwitz in 1891, she and her husband settled in Berlin's Prenzlauer-Berg district. Her first print cycle Der Weberaufstand (The weavers' rebellion), based on Gerhart Hauptmann's* play, was completed during 1893– 1898. Achieving a gold medal in 1899, the work ensconced a lasting vision that included recurrent images of death. A similar series, Bauernkrieg (Peasants' war), appeared in 1908. In 1903 she began an eight-year freelance connection with Simplizissimus. While her style resembled that of the Bru¨cke artists, she never identified herself as an Expressionist. World War I, in which she lost a son, led Kollwitz to internalize the pain of the widowed, orphaned, and bereaved. Daily contact with the proletariat, many of whom were treated in her husband's office, reinforced her commitment to the dignity of human life. In 1919 she was the first woman elected to the Prussian Academy of Arts, an honor that brought a studio and, from 1928, a salary as a Prussian civil servant. Encouraged by the sculptor Ernst Barlach,* she did Krieg (War) in 1922–1923 and Proletariat in 1925 as woodcuts. Her image memorializing Karl Liebknecht,* Die Lebenden den Toten (The living to the dead), was completed as both a lithograph and a woodcut. She helped found the Gesellschaft der Ku¨nstlerinnen und Kunstfreunde (Society for Women Artists and Friends of Art) in 1926, but spent much of the decade doing posters for left-wing, international relief groups. Some of these—Deutschlands Kinder Hungern! (Germany's children are starving!), Brot! (Bread!), and Nie Wieder Krieg! (Never again war!)—are among her best work. The NSDAP expelled Kollwitz from the Prussian Academy in March 1933. Although she worked the remainder of her life in Germany, evacuating Berlin for Moritzburg (near Dresden) in 1944, the Nazis made her an ‘‘unperson'' by ignoring her.