Kiribati - country.

« mainly from Japan, the European Union (EU), and Australia. Kiribati’s only major exports are copra (dried coconut meat), cultivated seaweed, and fish.

The United States, Australia, and New Zealand are the leading purchasers ofthe country’s exports.

Despite the cultivation of crops for local consumption, Kiribati is heavily dependent upon imported foods.

Other imports include machinery andequipment, manufactured goods, and imported fossil fuels, which supply most of the country’s energy.

Australia, the Fiji Islands, Japan, New Zealand, and the UnitedStates are the chief suppliers of imports.

The value of imports to Kiribati far outweighs the value of its exports.

The country’s official currency is the Australian dollar (1.30 Australian dollars equal U.S.$1; 2006). Kiribati’s international airport is on Tarawa.

Air Tungaru, which is Kiribati’s national airline, and Air Nauru, the airline of the Marshall Islands, connect Kiribati with Fiji, theMarshall Islands, and Hawaii.

All of the Gilbert Islands have airstrips for small planes, as do many of the inhabited atolls.

Kiribati’s main port is located at Betio, an isletof Tarawa.

Banaba and Kiritimati also have significant ports.

The Pacific Forum Line provides international shipping services, while Kiribati Shipping Corporation servicesthe outer islands.

Paved roads and bridges connect the main islets of Tarawa.

Outside of Tarawa, many of the larger islands have unpaved roads.

People travel betweenislands by canoes and other boats.

The government of Kiribati runs an AM radio station.

It also publishes a weekly newspaper, Te Uekera , which is written in Gilbertese; top news stories are also printed in English. V GOVERNMENT The government of Kiribati is modeled on the British parliamentary system.

The president, called the Beretitenti , is both chief of state and head of government.

All Kiribati citizens age 18 and older are eligible to vote.

Voters elect the president from a choice of three or four candidates, who are nominated by the legislature fromamong its members.

The president, who may serve as many as three consecutive four-year terms, appoints the vice president and a cabinet of up to eight membersfrom the legislature. Kiribati has a 41-member unicameral (single-chamber) legislature called the Maneaba ni Maungatabu (House of Assembly).

Thirty-nine of its members are chosen bypopular vote and serve for four-year terms.

The attorney general and a representative nominated to represent Banaban people living on the island of Rabi in Fiji arealso members of the legislature. The judicial system of Kiribati is modeled after the British legal system and consists of a high court, a court of appeal, and lower-level magistrate courts.

The presidentappoints the chief justice of the high court with the advice of the cabinet.

The chief justice then advises the president in appointing the other justices. Permanently inhabited atolls have local governing councils, which are particularly important due to the remoteness of some of the islands from the country’s capital.Council members are elected to three-year terms. The government provides all basic social services for Kiribati residents, including health care.

Hospital and medical services are concentrated on Tarawa.

Smalldispensaries and clinics serve the other inhabited islands. Although Kiribati has many political groups, they lack the formal organization, platforms, and structure of organized political parties.

Instead, they tend to function moreas interest groups, concerned with a single or limited set of specific issues.

Kiribati participates in many regional organizations, including the South Pacific Forum, whichdeals with foreign affairs and international trade, and the South Pacific Commission, which provides technical assistance to the islands.

Kiribati is a member of the UnitedNations. VI HISTORY Archaeological evidence indicates that the islands now known as the Gilbert Islands were settled by Austronesian-speaking people long before the 1st century AD. Groups from Fiji and Tonga arrived about the 13th century and intermarried with the islands’ inhabitants to form the Micronesian people known as the I-Kiribati. In 1606 Spanish explorer Pedro Fernandez de Quiros sighted Butaritari, an atoll in the present-day Gilbert Islands.

In 1788 British naval captains John Marshall andThomas Gilbert, for whom the Gilbert Islands were later named, came upon several of the other islands while sailing from Australia to China.

Between the 1820s and1860s American and British whalers hunted sperm whales in the surrounding waters, and some deserted their ships to settle on the islands.

These early residents begandealing coconut oil and then copra with European, Australian, and American trading ships. American Protestant missionary Hiram Bingham arrived in 1857 and began spreading Christianity through the northern Gilbert Islands with the help of Hawaiian pastors.In 1870 the London Missionary Society placed Samoan pastors on several of the southern Gilbert Islands.

Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in 1888.

Over thefollowing decades, Catholicism became the dominant religion of the northern Gilbert Islands, while some of the southern Gilberts remained Protestant. In 1892 British captain E.

H.

M.

Davis declared 16 of the Gilbert Islands and 9 of the Polynesian-inhabited Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu) to the south a British protectorate.After phosphate was discovered on Ocean Island (now Banaba) in 1900, the British placed this island under the protectorate’s jurisdiction as well.

In 1916 Britainformally annexed the area as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (GEIC).

In the years that followed, several of the present-day Line Islands were added to the colony.Britain added the present-day Phoenix Islands to the GEIC in 1937.

In 1939 the British agreed that Kanton and Enderbury—two Phoenix Islands strategically importantto the United States—would be administered jointly by the United States and Britain. Japan occupied the Gilbert Islands in 1942, during World War II (1939-1945).

Most European residents evacuated the islands, and the colonial administrationestablished temporary headquarters in Sydney, Australia, which it later moved to Fongafale (now in Tuvalu).

In one of the major battles of the war in the Pacific, U.S.military forces invaded Tarawa and drove the Japanese off most of the islands in 1943.

The Europeans returned, and colonial officials set up a new headquarters onTarawa.

The Japanese continued to hold Banaba until 1945.

During their occupation, they deported most of Banaba’s residents to Tarawa, the island of Nauru, theMillennium Islands, and the Marshall Islands.

The Japanese massacred nearly all remaining Banabans before surrendering the island.

After the war, the British resettleddeported Banabans on the Fijian island of Rabi. Movements towards self-government in the GEIC began in 1963, when island residents gained a political voice through a local council created to advise the colonialgovernment.

In 1967 an elected house of representatives replaced this council, and in 1974 the House of Assembly was created.

Because the Polynesian people of theEllice Islands wanted to maintain cultural distinctiveness from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands, the Ellice Islands separated from the GEIC in 1975 and formed thenation of Tuvalu.

In 1977 the colony achieved complete self-government, and in 1979 it declared formal independence under a new constitution.

Ieremia Tabai was thecountry’s first president.

The new nation became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and adopted the name Kiribati, a rendering of the word “Gilberts” in theGilbertese language. In September 1979 Kiribati signed a treaty of friendship with the United States in which the United States gave up its claims to Kanton and Enderbury islands; the twoislands were formally ceded to Kiribati in 1983.

In 1981 the Banabans won compensation from the British government for revenues from phosphate mining over theprevious 50 years.

In 1992 Kiribati’s legislature approved a proposal to seek compensation from Japan for damage caused during World War II.. »