Hurricane.

« V HOW HURRICANES ARE DETECTED AND MONITORED Since 1943 U.S.

military and civilian aircraft have been flying into hurricanes to measure wind velocities and directions, the location and size of the eye, air pressures,and temperatures in different parts of the storm.

A coordinated system of tracking hurricanes was developed in the mid-1950s, and steady improvements have beenmade over the years.

In addition to reports from aircraft, geosynchronous weather satellites (since 1966) and ocean buoys that automatically record and transmit datasuch as wave heights and wind speeds furnish information to the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. The National Hurricane Center is part of the U.S.

National Weather Service and is the main forecast center for storms that originate over the Atlantic Ocean, theCaribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the northeastern Pacific Ocean west to longitude 140° west.

The Hawaiian Hurricane Center at the Honolulu National WeatherService office handles storms from longitude 140° west to longitude 180° west.

Hurricanes rarely hit Hawaii.

The centers of only two hurricanes moved ashore therefrom 1950 through 2003, although three others came close enough to cause wind or wave damage.

Hurricane Iniki in September 1992 was by far the worst, killing sixpeople and doing an estimated $2.3 billion in damages. In the past, hurricanes often hit land without being detected beforehand.

Today, weather satellites ensure that this never happens.

As a storm begins to threaten land,forecasters call on military or civilian aircraft for detailed storm data that satellites cannot supply.

When a storm comes within about 160 km (100 m) of land, weatherradar images also become available.

Forecasters use several computer models, which combine observational data from all around the world and mathematicalequations, to make forecasts.

But since forecasts from different models often disagree, they are merely tools to help humans make predictions. VI HOW HURRICANES ARE NAMED The National Hurricane Center began officially naming tropical storms and hurricanes in 1950, although some forecasters had been informally naming storms since the19th century.

The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Western Hemisphere Hurricane Committee selects hurricane names, using alternating men’s and women’snames in English, Spanish, and French in alphabetical order.

Names of deadly storms or those that cause great damage are retired.

Otherwise, names remain on sixrotating, yearly lists, with each list being used again six years after its last use.

WMO committees also select tropical cyclone names used elsewhere in the world. VII HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS The National Hurricane Center issues a hurricane watch for areas where a hurricane could hit in about 36 hours or less.

The center issues a hurricane warning whenhurricane-force winds of 119 km/h (74 mph) are expected in 24 hours or less.

The Hurricane Center issues watches and warnings for the United States and worksclosely with the weather services of other nations, which issue their own watches and warnings. Residents of areas where hurricanes can strike, which includes the entire U.S.

Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts from Maine to the Mexican border, should beginpreparing before the hurricane season starts.

They need to learn whether they live in an area that storm surge could flood, and if so, need to decide where to go ifordered to evacuate.

All homeowners should ensure they have covers to fit all windows and doors that are not impact resistant.

A survival kit with a two-week supply ofprescription medications, nonperishable food, and water should be prepared. When a hurricane watch is issued, those in the affected area should make sure window covers and emergency kits are ready, and install the window covers that aremost difficult to put in place.

They should also fill vehicles with fuel and withdraw emergency cash before power failures close service stations and automated tellermachines (ATMs).

Finally, they should follow storm reports and listen for directions from local emergency management officials. When a hurricane warning is issued, residents should quickly finish installing window and door protection panels.

Those who are evacuating should be sure to take theiremergency kits and important papers and notify friends and family where they are going.

Evacuees should leave as soon as possible after turning off the main circuitbreaker and the outside gas and water shut-off valves for their houses. During a hurricane, everyone should stay indoors and away from doors and windows, even if they have protective covers.

If debris begins striking the house, thoseinside should seek refuge in an interior bathroom, closet, or under a stairwell.

People should not go outdoors when the wind dies down because the storm’s eye could bepassing over and winds could quickly begin blowing again at full speed.

Wait until radio announcements say that the hurricane has passed before going outside. The danger is not over when a hurricane passes.

In recent years in the United States, poststorm accidents have killed as many or more people than hurricane wind,storm surge, or flooding.

Poststorm dangers include accidents at intersections without working traffic lights, downed power lines, fires caused by candles, falls fromroofs, and injuries to those unskilled in using equipment such as chain saws. VIII HURRICANES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND CYCLES Some evidence is emerging that hurricanes could be growing slightly stronger, possibly as a result of global warming.

But most scientists who study hurricanes say thatgrowing coastal populations and higher coastal property values, not global warming, account for the increasing costliness and loss of life caused by hurricanes. Long-term records do not provide enough information to conclude whether the global total of tropical cyclones increased during the 20th century.

But detailed recordsof Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico hurricanes show that the numbers of storms increase and decrease in cycles.

The cycles are most noticeable for “major”hurricanes in Categories 3, 4, and 5 with wind speeds faster than 177 km/h (110 mph).

The years 1944 through 1969 were active with an average of 2.7 majorhurricanes a year.

A quiet period, with an average of 1.5 major hurricanes a year, began in 1970 and lasted through 1994.

Another active period that began in 1995saw 32 major hurricanes through the 2003 season, an average of 3.55 per year. The 2005 hurricane season set records for the greatest number of tropical storms (26), the most hurricanes (14), and the most Category 5 hurricanes (3).

Seven majorhurricanes—that is, Category 3 or higher—occurred in 2005.

For the first time since the National Hurricane Center began naming storms, letters from the Greekalphabet were used after the center exhausted its original list of 21 names.

The last storm in the 2005 season, Tropical Storm Epsilon, formed just before the officialend of the hurricane season on November 30 and was upgraded to a hurricane on December 2.

Another notable hurricane event occurred in 2004 when HurricaneCatarina became the first recorded South Atlantic hurricane in history.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which oversees the NationalHurricane Center, attributed the active 2005 hurricane season to a multidecadal cycle in which warmer-than-average sea-surface temperatures and low wind shearenhanced hurricane activity. Many hurricane researchers think the cycles are related to changes in Atlantic Ocean temperatures that last decades.

From the late 19th century through the 1980sabout one-third of the major hurricanes that formed in the Atlantic hit the United States, which means around ten such hurricanes could have been expected to hit from1995 through 2003.

Yet for reasons atmospheric scientists do not understand, only three such hurricanes hit the United States from 1995 through 2003.

That patternchanged in 2004, when three major hurricanes hit the United States.

In 2005 four of the season’s seven major hurricanes—Dennis, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma—hit theUnited States.. »