From Bulfinch's Mythology: The Phoenix - anthology.

From Bulfinch's Mythology: The Phoenix - anthology. American writer and mythologist Thomas Bulfinch offers the following ancient Greek and Roman descriptions of the phoenix, a powerful bird of Egyptian mythology, often associated with the sun. Beginning with accounts of the phoenix by classical historians such as Tacitus and Herodotus, Bulfinch goes on to cite the resurrection of the symbolic bird by poets and writers of the English Restoration. From Bulfinch's Mythology: The Phoenix By Thomas Bulfinch [The ancient Roman poet] Ovid tells the story of the Phoenix as follows: 'Most beings spring from other individuals; but there is a certain kind which reproduces itself. The Assyrians call it the Phoenix. It does not live on fruit or flowers, but on frankincense and [other] odoriferous gums. When it has lived five hundred years, it builds itself a nest in the branches of an oak, or on the top of a palm tree. In this it collects cinnamon, and spikenard [a fragrant ointment], and myrrh [an aromatic gum resin], and of these materials builds a pile on which it deposits itself, and dying, breathes out its last breath amidst odours. From the body of the parent bird, a young Phoenix issues forth, destined to live as long a life as its predecessor. When this has grown up and gained sufficient strength, it lifts its nest from the tree (its own cradle and its parent's sepulchre), and carries it to the city of Heliopolis in Egypt, and deposits it in the temple of the Sun.' Such is the account given by a poet. Now let us see that of a philosophic historian. Tacitus [Cornelius Tacitus, an ancient Roman historian] says, 'in the consulship of Paulus Fabius (A.D. 34) the miraculous bird known to the world by the name of the Phoenix, after disappearing for a series of ages, revisited Egypt. It was attended in its flight by a group of various birds, all attracted by the novelty, and gazing with wonder at so beautiful an appearance.' He then gives an account of the bird, not varying materially from the preceding, but adding some details. 'The first care of the young bird as soon as fledged, and able to trust to his wings, is to perform the obsequies of his father. But this duty is not undertaken rashly. He collects a quantity of myrrh, and to try his strength makes frequent excursions with a load on his back. When he has gained sufficient confidence in his own vigour, he takes up the body of his father and flies with it to the altar of the Sun, where he leaves it to be consumed in flames of fragrance.' Other writers add a few particulars. The myrrh is compacted in the form of an egg, in which the dead Phoenix is enclosed. From the mouldering flesh of the dead bird a worm springs, and this worm, when grown large, is transformed into a bird. [The ancient Greek historian] Herodotus describes the bird, though he says, 'I have not seen it myself, except in a picture. Part of his plumage is gold-coloured, and part crimson; and he is for the most part very much like an eagle in outline and bulk.' The first writer who disclaimed a belief in the existence of the Phoenix was [17th century physician and essayist] Sir Thomas Browne, in his 'Vulgar Errors,' published in 1646. He was replied to a few years later by [17th century writer and mythologist] Alexander Ross, who says, in answer to the objection of the Phoenix so seldom making his appearance, 'His instinct teaches him to keep out of the way of the tyrant of the creation, man, for if he were to be got at, some wealthy glutton would surely devour him, though there were no more in the world.' [The 17th century English poet John] Dryden in one of his early poems has this allusion to the Phoenix: 'So when the new-born Phoenix first is seen Her feathered subjects all adore their queen, And while she makes her progress through the East, From every grove her numerous train's increased; Each poet of the air her glory sings, And round him the pleased audience clap their wings.' [The 17th century English poet and scholar John] Milton, in 'Paradise Lost,' Book V., compares the angel Raphael descending to earth to a Phoenix: '... Down thither, prone in flight He speeds, and through the vast ethereal sky Sails between worlds and worlds, with steady wing, Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan Winnows the buxom air; till within soar Of towering eagles, to all the fowls he seems A Phoenix, gazed by all; as that sole bird When, to enshrine his relics in the sun's Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies.' Source: Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinch's Mythology: The Age of Fable, The Age of Chivalry, Legends of Charlemagne. New York: Random House, 1934.